An Abridged Guide
to the
School of Access Education
Updated July T2 2020
Harvard
Referencing Style
The Abridged Guide to the Harvard Referencing Style (author-date) is based on:
Commonwealth of Australia 2002, Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn,
John Wiley & Sons Australia, Milton, Qld.
This document can be found on CQUniversity’s referencing Web site at
http://www.cqu.edu.au/referencing
Other information about academic writing is available via the Academic Learning Centre’s Moodle
site.
Maintained by School of Access Education
Edition T2 2020
Published by CQUniversity Australia
COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA
WARNING
This Material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of
CQUniversity pursuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act).
The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act.
Any further reproduction or communication of this material by you may be the subject of
copyright protection under the Act.
Do not remove this notice.
CQUniversity CRICOS Codes: 00219C – Qld; 01315F – NSW; 01624D – Vic
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Table of Contents
How to use this guide..................................................................................................... 1
What is the purpose of this booklet? ......................................................................... 1
What is referencing? ................................................................................................. 1
Why do I need to reference? ..................................................................................... 1
What should I reference? .......................................................................................... 2
Five key steps to referencing ........................................................................................ 2
Section 1: What does referencing look like?............................................................... 3
Referencing in the assignment .......................................................................... 3
Referencing at the end of the assignment ....................................................... 4
Section 2: How do I use citations in-text? ................................................................... 5
How to paraphrase .................................................................................................... 6
Steps for paraphrasing ....................................................................................... 6
Rules for paraphrasing ....................................................................................... 7
Styles of citation in-text: author prominent and information prominent...... 8
How to summarise ..................................................................................................... 8
Steps for summarising........................................................................................ 8
Rules for summarising...................................................................................... 10
How to use direct quotations ................................................................................... 11
Steps for using quotations ............................................................................... 11
Rules for short quotations................................................................................ 12
Rules for long quotations ................................................................................. 13
How to introduce quotations and paraphrased sentences ...................................... 14
How to use tables, figures or images ...................................................................... 15
Steps for using tables ....................................................................................... 15
Rules for using tables ....................................................................................... 16
Steps for using figures ..................................................................................... 17
Rules for using figures ..................................................................................... 18
Section 3: How to create a reference list ................................................................... 19
Steps for creating a reference list ........................................................................... 19
Steps for adding sources to the reference list ........................................................ 20
Referencing books ............................................................................................ 20
Referencing journal articles and periodicals ................................................. 21
Journal article from the Web ............................................................................ 21
Referencing law cases ...................................................................................... 22
Referencing a website .......................................................................................... 23
Rules for adding citations to the reference list ............................................. 24
Rules about authors’ names ............................................................................ 24
Rules for using capitalisation .......................................................................... 25
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Section 4: What is Academic Integrity? ..................................................................... 26
How will they know I have plagiarised?.......................................................... 26
Steps for avoiding plagiarism .......................................................................... 27
Section 5: How to create in text citations and citations for the reference list ...... 27
Hard copy books...................................................................................................... 28
E-Books ................................................................................................................... 35
Hard copy journal articles ........................................................................................ 37
Online or electronic journals.................................................................................... 38
Hardcopy newspaper articles .................................................................................. 40
Online newspaper articles ....................................................................................... 40
Reports .................................................................................................................... 41
Conference papers .................................................................................................. 43
Other documents on the World Wide Web (WWW) ............................................... 44
Government documents .......................................................................................... 46
Government or legal documents as hard copies .................................................... 47
Law cases ................................................................................................................ 50
University-provided study materials as hard copies ............................................... 51
University-provided electronic and multimedia study materials ............................. 51
Multimedia on the web ............................................................................................ 54
Specialised sources ................................................................................................ 55
Appendices .................................................................................................................... 61
Appendix A: Key terms defined ............................................................................... 61
Appendix B: Symbols and their use ........................................................................ 63
Appendix C: Acronyms (words formed from the initial letters other words) and
their use ................................................................................................................... 64
Appendix D: Initialisms and their use. ..................................................................... 65
Appendix E: Abbreviations and their use ................................................................ 66
Appendix F: Latin words and their use as abbreviations ........................................ 71
Appendix G: Basic Citation Styles .......................................................................... 72
Check your reference list ............................................................................................. 73
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How to use this guide
What is the purpose of this booklet?
This guide provides an introduction to the intricacies of referencing using the CQUniversity
Harvard style of referencing.
When writing a university assignment, there are certain referencing rules you need to follow.
This guide will explain what referencing is and show you how to reference using the
CQUniversity Harvard referencing style.
The first four sections of this study guide assist you to become familiar with referencing and
will assist you to apply the examples offered in the final section of this guide. The first
section provides you with an overview of referencing. Then there are two sections offering
more detailed explanations of terms and concepts that are vital for the development of your
knowledge so you can become proficient in referencing in text and in the reference list.
There is also an important section explaining academic integrity. The appendices offer
further information about the technical language and abbreviations or acronyms used in
Harvard style referencing.
Once you are familiar with some of the concepts and key words, you will find it much easier
to use Section 5 of this guide, which contains examples of in-text citations and reference list.
Referencing requires attention to detail, so you will need to refer to these examples and
explanations a number of times as you develop your skills.
There are variations on the Harvard style of referencing and it is important for you to
use the CQUniversity Harvard referencing style. There are also other referencing styles
(e.g. American Psychological Association, Turabian, Vancouver), so before you use this
booklet check your unit profile to make sure you need to use Harvard referencing in your
assignment.
What is referencing?
There are different types of university assignments (e.g. essays, oral presentations, reports,
reflections, blogs, PowerPoint presentations, case studies). When you write an assignment,
you will usually be expected to include the details of any sources you have used as in-text
citations, and in a list at the end of the assignment with the title References. These
processes are collectively known as ‘referencing’.
Why do I need to reference?
Writing an assignment will often involve research using a range of different source types
(e.g. websites, journal articles, books, course readings). Each time you ‘borrow’ ideas, data,
information or illustrations from other sources to use in your assignment you will need to
reference the source.
Referencing will help you:
• Demonstrate your knowledge of a topic and provide evidence of scholarly
research.
• Give credit to the author or creator of the original source of an image, idea or piece
of information.
• Avoid plagiarism and its associated penalties.
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What should I reference?
You must reference any source you use when writing an assignment even if you have just
borrowed an idea or image, rather than copying exact words. This includes any of the
following.
• Hard copy (paper based) sources (e.g., books, journal articles, newspapers,
magazines, brochures, pamphlets and newsletters)
• Electronic sources (e.g. websites, videos, blogs, film clips, audio files, Moodle
notes and readings)
• Other sources (e.g., phone conversations, interviews).
• Visuals (e.g. images, figures and tables).
How to get more assistance with developing your referencing skills?
The Academic Learning Centre (ALC) offers workshops focussed on referencing both online
and on campus. These are advertised on our Moodle site and via emails sent to your
CQUniversity email account. You can also ask the ALC by phoning 07 49707211 or emailing
alc-advice@cqu.edu.au
Five key steps to referencing
While researching and drafting
Step 1. Decide which type of source you want to use (e.g. book, website, journal etc.).
Step 2. Record the relevant source details (e.g. author, date, title, publisher, URL
etc.).
In your assignment
Step 3. Use the notes you have made from the sources you read to create sentences
and paragraphs to provide evidence or examples that support your ideas.
Step 4. Ensure that details for the in-text citation (e.g. author’s surname, date, page
number) are correct. Make sure you follow the Harvard style guidelines.
At the end of the assignment
Step 5. Create a reference list and remember each item must have a corresponding
item as an in-text citation.
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Section 1: What does referencing look like?
Referencing in the assignment Example
In this example of a paragraph you
can see what referencing looks like in
the body of the assignment.
Notice the inclusion of the authors
name and date in most sentences.
These are known as citations. They
let the reader know the details about
the source of the information.
These citations acknowledge all ideas
or words that belong to another
person, even if it is not a direct quote.
These citations are integrated into the
sentences so the paragraph flows and
is easy to read.
Note that authors’ names in the
citations are sometimes in the
brackets and sometimes used as part
of the sentence.
Retired Australians have been included as a campaign target for Volunteer Tourists for a number of
reasons. The evolution of this group makes them attractive as they have commenced planning their
retirements and are trying to do the most with their lives after their retirement, including travel.
Research by Gibson (2002) on later life and retirement in the United States revealed that many of the
participants experienced a feeling of more freedom to do what they want to do during retirement and
later life. This is also evident in a report published by The Australian ('Get-up-and-go brigade are
taking on the whole world’ 2007, p. 29) which shows that there is a growing number of retirees who are
putting on their backpacks and travelling. This point is further supported by Upe (2013, p. 3) who
states that Australia has 5.5 million baby boomers, and many are able to travel as they are now
retired. In addition, as Solomon, Russell-Bennet and Previte (2013) explain, baby boomers are also
much more active and physically fit than the preceding generation. These authors point out that baby
boomers who are facing retirement are experiencing a shift in their retirement approach from
achievement orientation to quality of life. In Australia the 55 plus age group makes up 24 per cent of
the population and they have 56 per cent of the country’s net wealth (Upe 2013, p. 3). They prefer to
enjoy their retirement by spending their money rather than leaving it as an inheritance for their children
(Solomon, Russell-Bennet & Previte 2013). It is evident that the over 55s have many traits that make
them suitable candidates as Volunteer Tourists including their freedom, funds and a longing for
education and new experiences.
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Referencing at the end of the assignment Example
You will need to include a list of all the sources
you have cited in your assignment.
The reference list is placed at the end of the
assignment.
Each item in this list will have a correlating item in
the assignment body or appendices.
Each reference in your list will need to be set out
using Harvard style.
The reference list is
• in alphabetical order
• in single line spacing
• has a Enter at the end of reference
References
Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities 2012,
Salinity, fact sheet, viewed 18 November 2014,
http://www.environment.gov.au/water/publications/quality/factsheet-salinity-and-water-
quality
‘Get-up-and-go brigade are taking on the whole world’ 2007, Australian, 27 March, p. 29.
Gibson, H 2002, ‘Busy travellers: Leisure-travel patterns and meanings in later life’. World
Leisure Journal, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 11-20, viewed 8 June 2020,
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/04419057.2002.9674266
‘Multifaceted menace’ 2007, Science, vol. 317, no. 5836, pp. 301–304, viewed 8 June
2020, https://science.sciencemag.org/content/317/5836
Robbins, SP, Millett, B, Cacioppe, R & Waters-Marsh, T 2001, Organisational behaviour,
3rd edn, Prentice Hall Australia, Frenchs Forest, NSW.
Solomon, M, Previte, J & Russell-Bennett, R 2013, Consumer behaviour: buying, having,
being, 3rd edn, Pearson Australia, Frenchs Forest, NSW.
Stevens, LP & Bean, TW 2007, Critical literacy: context, research, and practice in the K-12
classroom, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks.
Sutton-Spence, R & Kaneko, M 2007, ‘Symmetry in sign language poetry’. Sign Language
Studies, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 284–318.
Upe, R 2013, ‘Baby-booming travel’, Age, 16 February p. 7.
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Section 2: How do I use citations in-text?
Here are four key techniques you can use when you want to include other authors’ ideas, words, images and data in your assignment. Have a look at
the following pages for more detail on each of these techniques.
Paraphrasing
Convey the author’s idea/words
indirectly.
Using this option, you must use
some of your own words AND
change the sentence structure.
A citation must be included and
a page number if a specific item
from the original source used.
Direct quotations
Quoting an author’s words
exactly as they were written,
using a short or long quotation.
A citation must be included (e.g.
author, year, and page number).
Summarising
Briefly sum up another author’s
work (e.g. a whole chapter or
project). Using this option, you
must use your own words only
include the main ideas of
the text to give an overview of
the work of one or more authors.
Figures and Tables
Use another author’s figures and
tables, or their data to support
your own.
Using this option, you may copy
and paste images, tables,
charts, figures. You must include
your own title, and caption, and
a citation.
Example 3
A short quotation:
‘Reminders to nursing
staff to pay extra attention
to recommended hand
hygiene procedures
resulted in a 15%
reduction in infection
rates’ (Jones 2016, p. 3).
Example 1
Jones (2016, p. 3) found
that significant reductions
in infection rates (15%)
could be achieved when
nursing staff were
reminded about hand
hygiene.
Example 2
A study by Jones (2009)
found that attention to hand
hygiene by nursing staff
played a significant role in
infection rates.
Figure 4. A bunch of purple
grapes.
Source: Petric 2015.
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How to paraphrase
Instead of quoting another author’s words exactly, you may paraphrase them. To paraphrase, you must change some of the words AND change the
sentence structure. When you use an author’s ideas but express them in different words, you are paraphrasing.
A paraphrased item is not enclosed in quotation marks because it is not a word-for-word quotation. However, it is important that the sentence structure
and the vocabulary are not too similar to the original text and that you acknowledge the source of the original document with a reference. Failing to do
so will result in plagiarism.
Many lecturers would prefer you to paraphrase or summarise an authors’ words rather than use a direct quotation. This is because paraphrasing
requires original thought, demonstrates you understand the ideas, and shows that you can integrate them into your work.
Steps for paraphrasing Examples
1. Read the sentence you want to paraphrase a number of times to
get the meaning of the text. Once you understand it, write it in
your own words.
2. Highlight any specialised technical words or specific terms. These
must be included in your paraphrase as without these words, the
meaning of the paraphrase will change completely.
3. Underline any keywords that can be changed.
4. Find other words and phrases that have similar meanings that
can be used to replace the keywords in the text. Use a thesaurus
or dictionary to help if need be.
5. Rewrite the ideas and reorganise the structure or order.
6. Add a lead in phrase where the author’s family name becomes
part of the sentence to use an author prominent citation, and the
year the article was published in brackets.
7. Choose author prominent or information prominent style (see next
page for explanation).
Original text
‘… the majority of the sample had good knowledge about infection
control measures, but they showed lack of practice in hand washing
and using gloving, which are the most significant items to prevent
transmission of infection. This study recommended that Nurse
managers need to be supervising the staff nurses on practicing
infection prevention standards and techniques and monitoring nursing
adherence to policies of the hospital.
Paraphrase, author prominent
Salem (2019) found that hand hygiene procedures of nursing staff and
knowledge of infection control was dependent on good practice of
hand hygiene procedures.
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Paraphrase, information prominent
One study identified that hand hygiene procedures of nursing staff and
knowledge of infection control was dependent on good practice of
hand hygiene procedures (Salem 2019).
Rules for paraphrasing Examples
• The paraphrased information supports the claim made by the
writer.
• The paraphrase must be different from the original source.
• Page numbers are required if referring to specific information.
• The citation must have a corresponding citation in the reference
list at the end of the assignment.
Final version of student’s work
Nurses play a key role in the reduction of infection rates in hospitals.
Salem (2019) found that hand hygiene procedures of nursing staff and
knowledge of infection control was dependent on good practice of
hand hygiene procedures.
References
Salem OA 2019, ‘Knowledge and practices of nurses in infection
prevention and control within a tertiary care hospital’. The Annals of
Medical and Health Sciences Research. vol. 9, pp.422-425, viewed 9
June 2020, https://www.amhsr.org/articles/knowledge-and-practices-
of-nurses-in-infection-prevention-and-control-within-a-tertiary-care-
hospital-5078.html
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Styles of citation in-text: author prominent and information prominent
Where you place citations depends on the emphasis you wish to apply and can be important to the argument you present.
Author prominent
When you want to emphasise the author, then you use the author’s name as part of your sentence. The citation and the paraphrase would start
something like this:
Sherwood (2012) concludes that ...
Information prominent
When you want to emphasise the information from an author, then your citation becomes information prominent. The citation will appear at the end of a
sentence. The citation and the paraphrase will look something like this:
… as evidenced from a recent Australian study (Jones 2012).
How to summarise
Instead of quoting or paraphrasing an author’s words, work or ideas, you may decide to summarise them. A summary includes a condensed form of
the information, keeping the main point of the text but omitting detailed examples. The original idea or meaning must be maintained. Technical words
remain.
Summarising is useful when you want to use the idea expressed in the source and not the specific language used. Other advantages of paraphrasing
and summarising include expressing the key point of a source in fewer words and demonstrating your understanding of the source more effectively.
Steps for summarising Examples
• Read the text carefully—you may need to read the text
several times. Check the meaning of terms you do not
understand.
• Underline technical and, specialised words that may be used
remembering that they should not be changed.
• Reread the text and make notes of the main points, leaving
out examples and evidence.
Developing learning modules for adult learners requires the designer or
educator to consider a range of appropriate strategies to match the
student’s preferences for learning. Duverge (2016) outlines a number of
these. Firstly, appreciating that adult learners would prefer to learn
independently or explore the topic themselves, is important and therefore
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Steps for summarising Examples
• Consider the main points as a whole and your purpose for
using the information in relation to the structure of your
assignment.
• Think of words or phrases which have similar meaning to
those in the original text.
• If the key words are specialised vocabulary for the subject,
they do not need to be changed.
• Develop an outline using short sentences written in your
words. Rearrange these sentences as you see the need for
your purpose.
• Keep reminding your reader that you are summarising the
work of someone else by using their name in the summary
(citation).
tasks should be designed accordingly. Furthermore, adults like to know
that the skills and knowledge they are expected to develop will be useful
to their life or career.
Here is an example showing ideas from several sources combined
into one summary.
Notice that a semi-colon has been used to separate each source in
the citation and that they are in alphabetical order.
A key study by Lee (2016) found that many new university students
experience considerable anxiety when learning how to cope with the
academic literacy demands of assignment writing, and this finding is well-
supported in the literature (Brown 2018; Green et al. 2016; Redding &
Shipton 2017).
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Rules for summarising Examples
• Don’t just give one citation at the start and one at the end of
the paraphrasing as this student has done. As a result,
sentence in the example in bold is not clearly referenced.
• Ensure the summarised version is much shorter than the
original text and that it is written in your own words.
• Include a citation (author and date) for each source cited.
• Provide a page number when making reference to a specific
statistic.
• Use citations correctly so it is obvious which parts of your
paragraph are summaries of other authors’ ideas and which
parts are your own ideas.
• Don’t change the intended meaning of the original text.
• Don’t use quotation marks because this is not a direct quote.
• Enter the complete source details in your reference list.
In the example below, the source of the bold sentence is not clear. The
student needed to repeat the citation after it.
Developing learning modules for adult learners requires the designer or
educator to consider a range of appropriate strategies to match adult
learners’ preferences for learning. Duverge (2016) explains that adult
learners would prefer to learn independently or explore the topic
therefore tasks should be designed accordingly. Adults like to know
that the skills and knowledge they are expected to develop will be
useful to their life or career. Providing immediate feedback regarding
errors, or alternate explanations to assist with learning new concepts is a
strategy that enables adults to learn from misunderstandings (Duverge
2016).
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How to use direct quotations
Direct quoting is one way of showing that you have gathered information from other authors to support your point of view or thesis. Do not overuse this
technique. Instead, aim to paraphrase more of the words and ideas of others to show how well you understand them and can use the source to
support your point of view.
You are quoting when you use someone else’s exact words in your writing. When you quote, you must indicate where the quotation begins and ends,
and provide an in-text citation. The citation makes it clear whose words you are using and where you found them.
A general rule in academic work is that no more than 10% of an assignment should be in the form of direct quotations. You can use short quotations
(fewer than 30 words) or long quotations (30 words or more).
Steps for using quotations Example
• Read chosen texts and form ideas about your
topic.
• Make a note of the ideas using your own words.
• Identify sentences in a journal article to support
the idea. Make a note of this.
• Incorporate the quote into the paragraph by
adding a few extra words just before the quoted
words to help the quote fit smoothly into the
sentence.
• Provide the page that the quote was taken from in
brackets along with the author’s family name and
year of publication.
• Write the full citation in the reference list. The
page that the quote was taken from is given along
with the year.
• Write the full citation in the reference list at the
end of the assignment.
Hand hygiene of medical staff → infection rates. Especially nurses → study found
‘Improved attention to hand hygiene reduced the rate of patient infections by 15% in
a twelve-month period’ (Jones 2016, p. 3).
Nurses play an important role in the reduction of infection rates in hospitals. A recent
study showed ‘improved attention to hygiene reduced the rate of patient infections
by 15% in a twelve month period’ (Jones 2016, p. 3), indicating that good hygiene
while at work can result in significant reductions in the rate of infection.
References
Jones, A 2016, ‘An investigation of infection rates in Australian hospitals’, Journal of
Australian Nursing, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 34-45, viewed
http://www.journalofaustraliannursing.com.au
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Rules for short quotations Examples of short quotations
Short quotations should:
• have fewer than 30 words
• be incorporated into your sentence smoothly
without disrupting the flow of your paragraph
• be enclosed in single quotation marks
• include the page number in the citation
• have the full stop after the citation if the quotation
is information prominent
• have the full stop after the quotation if the citation
is author prominent
• be in the same font size as the rest of the
assignment.
If the text you want to quote starts with a capital letter it is
acceptable to change the upper-case letter to a lower-case
letter so that it fits with the grammar of your sentence unless
the word is a proper noun (i.e. Australia or Robert).
Do not correct any incorrect spelling, punctuation or
grammar in the original quotation instead insert the word
sic, italicised and in square brackets, directly after the error
in the quotation.
Author prominent
Unterhalter (2007, p. 5) argues that
‘gender equality in schooling is an
aspiration of global social justice’.
Information prominent
It has been argued that ‘gender equality
in schooling is an aspiration of global
social justice’ (Unterhalter 2007, p. 5).
In Wilson’s (2013, p. 32) report ‘the
building inspector estimated that there
[sic] house was a fire hazard’.
In his report ‘the building inspector
estimated that there [sic] house was a
fire hazard’ (Wilson 2013, p. 32).
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Rules for long quotations Example of a long quotation
When using quotations of more than 30 words:
• use them infrequently
• introduce it in your own words with the lead-in
statement ending with a colon (:)
• separate it from the lead-in statement and from the
text that follows with Enter.
• do not enclose it in quotation marks
• begin each long quotation on a new line
• indent it by 1.27 cm from the left margin
(Ctrl + M)
• apply single line spacing
• Font size should be one size smaller.
For a long information prominent quotation, the full stop
goes after the quotation and before the citation.
If you need to omit a word or words from a quotation,
indicate this with an ellipsis (three dots). An ellipsis has a
space on either side as it is a punctuation mark.
If you need to add a word or words to a quotation, put them
in square brackets [ ].
Information prominent
Though many may recoil from making
their private lives public in digital
spaces, there are obvious benefits for
young people:
The public life is fun. It’s creative.
It’s where their friends are. It’s
theatre, but it’s also community: in
this linked, logged world, you have
a place to think out loud and be
listened to, to meet strangers and
go deeper with friends. (Nussbaum
2007, p. 27)
Author prominent
Rowan (2001, p. 39) summarises the effects
of a limited world view when she states that:
This poses a real challenge for
educators. In many cases, we are
drawing on educational resources, or
curriculum documents which are in
themselves fairly narrow in the view of
the world they represent. This helps to
make this view seem natural and
normal.
The use of emotive language can be
effective in influencing audiences to
believe in a certain way:
This passage attacks everyone
who opposes the introduction of
identity cards on personal terms. It
… makes unsubstantiated
assumptions about the
backgrounds and economic
circumstances of opponents … to
undermine their credibility. (Cottrell
2011, p. 117)
Cottrell (2011, p. 117) explains how emotive
language can be used to persuade
audiences:
By abusing opponents, the author
encourages a division between in-
groups, or ‘people like them’, or ‘people
like us’. [In addition], the passage draws
on emotive subjects, referring to crime
and security to win over the audience.
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How to introduce quotations and paraphrased sentences
To assist with making citations part of your own writing and providing more information about the status of the information you are citing, you need to
use signal words and phrases. Your choice of words can indicate whether the authors you are citing are presenting established findings, putting
forward a case, making a suggestion or drawing conclusions. In addition, your work may become tedious to read if every quotation or paraphrase is
introduced in the same manner. The signal word often becomes a place in writing where repetitiveness occurs. Table 1 provides examples of signal
words useful for integrating other authors’ ideas and words into academic writing.
Table 1: Signal words for use in-text citations
Say or Mean Argue Explain Other
state assert dispute describe agree
remark add disagree clarify question
maintain confirm question justify offer
hold the view find debate reason predict
point out affirm claim show identify
highlight
theorise demonstrate
emphasise
imply
contend
suggest
Note: You would normally use present-tense to refer to research (though there are important exceptions).
If you are citing more than one author, you will need to change the form of the verb, for example: Jones (2016) argues that ... (single author), Jones
and Brown (2016) argue that … (more than one author).
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How to use tables, figures or images
Sometimes it is useful to include reproductions or copies of items such as photos, graphs, tables, diagrams and drawings in your work. These items
may be used as evidence to support academic arguments in the text. They can be used to present complex information clearly and effectively.
A table contains information that is organised using columns and rows. Figures can be maps, charts, diagrams, drawings, graphs and photographs.
They must be labelled and referenced, and each is done in a particular way as shown on the next few pages. Note that although tables and figures are
often used in reports, they rarely appear in essays.
Steps for using tables Examples
• Decide whether the table is useful to provide
evidence or data for your report.
• Ask yourself if you need to provide exact numerical
data, or should compare and contrast values in a
table or if the trends or patterns provided by a graph
could be used in a better way.
• Decide whether you need the whole table or part of
it.
• Refer to the table in the body of the report,
integrating the table as if it were a quote or part of
the paragraph will assist your reader to understand
why you included it.
• Lead your reader into the table with a sentence that
provides the background and purpose of the table.
• Think about the information you give in the label
above.
• Cite the source below: author, year and the original
page or figure number from the source.
• Include the complete source information in your
reference list.
It is evident from the data in table 2 that the number of asylum claims decreased
in Australia and New Zealand but increased in other countries.
Table 2: New asylum claims lodged in selected regions by semester 2013-2014.
Regions
1st
2013
2nd
2013
1st
2014
Change
1st 2013 –
1st 2014
2nd 2013
–1st 2014
Europe 202,200 270,600 264,000 24.4% -2.4%
EU – 28 176,200 220,300 216,300 22.8% -1.8%
US/Canada 46,100 48,700 58,600 27.1% 20.3%
Japan/Rep of
Korea
2,100 2,700 3,300 57.1% 22.2%
Australia/NZ 5,900 6,100 4,700 20.3% 23.0%
Total 266,300 328,100 330,600 24.1% 0.8%
Source: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2014, p. 8).
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Rules for using tables Example
• Tables should have a brief explanatory title.
• Show ‘adapted from’ and the author of the work if
you use information and make a table from it or if
you alter the table in anyway.
• The font size in a table can be one size smaller
than the rest of the assignment. For example;
inside the table the font may be Arial 10, while the
labels—the caption and source—are Arial 11.
• Do not include the original citation, heading or
caption when you copy these items, write your
own as the number you give your table or figure
must fit within the numbering of figures and tables
in your own work.
Population increase through immigration had the biggest impact on the already
heavily populated states as seen in table 3 and Northern territory had the smallest
increase.
Table 3: Number of migrants by state and territory 2015-16.
Source: Adapted from ABS (2017, Figure 2.2).
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Steps for using figures Example
Steps for choosing to use figures are similar to those provided
for tables in the previous section. Figures can be maps, charts,
diagrams, drawings, graphs and photographs.
It is evident that migration to Australia has increased and this is adding to the
diversity of the Australian population. Additionally, the ABS (2014) states that
overseas migration is now the principal factor in population increases in Australia.
This can be seen in the migration rates in Figure 2 below.
Figure 2: Net Overseas Migration in Australia 1976 to 2016
Source: ABS (2017, Figure 2.2).
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Rules for using figures Example
If you copy or reproduce a figure in your report like the one
above, or an image like the one to the right, follow these rules.
• A numbered caption that describes it or names it should
be placed below the figure or image.
• The figure number is the correct number for your work,
not the one used by the author. Therefore, Figure 1 on
the previous page precedes figure 2 of Dame Edna on
this page.
• this example on the previous pages.
• Make sure copied figures are a suitable size for your
reader to view.
• Type its source below the caption: the author or artist,
year and page number (if available) or original figure
number are required for this citation.
• Do not include the original citation, heading or caption
when you copy these items, write your own as the
number you give your figure must fit within the
numbering of figures and tables in your own work.
• Number all figures in the order they first appear in the
text.
• Figures must be referred to in the main body of the text.
• Refer to them in the text by their number.
• Include the source in your reference list. See examples
in Section 5.
Dame Edna Everage shown in Figure 3 is a fictitious character created and
performed by comedian Barry Humphries. ‘She’ has been performing since the
1950s and has become ‘one of the most formidable comedy turns of the twentieth
century’ (New Yorker 2015).
Figure 3: Dame Edna
Source: Telegraph (2012)
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Section 3: How to create a reference list
At the end of your assignment you will need to include a list of all the sources you have used in your assignment. This is known as a reference list.
Your reference list will need to be formatted using Harvard style.
This section contains some general guidelines you will need to follow when writing your reference list. However, there are some more specific
guidelines in the form of examples in Section 5 that will show you how to reference many different types of sources.
Organising your resources is a useful skill, so while you decide what will be useful for your research and writing, it is important to generate a draft
reference list to avoid losing any relevant information about the source details. This process can be time consuming, but once done it provides a useful
tool for developing in-text citations. Remember to check this initial list against those used in-text and remove any unused items because a reference
list should only include citations that have been used within your assignment. The reference list does NOT include all your background reading.
Steps for creating a reference list
When including a source in the reference list you must provide the reader with enough information to locate that source. Figures 3, 4, 5 and 6 on the
following pages demonstrate how specific sources are included in the reference list. This guide does not contain an exhaustive list of examples, so at
times you will need to problem solve to decide how to reference the source you used.
There are two key steps when writing your reference list:
Step 1. Find the relevant details, shown in the following figures. Look at the following examples and those in Section 5. There is a pattern to this
task.
Step 2. Format the details according to CQUniversity Harvard style. Each time you gather information, it will be placed in a similar order.
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Steps for adding sources to the reference list
Referencing books Example
For a book, the following elements should be
presented in this order:
1. Author’s surname (family name) and initials.
Even if the source gives the author’s names
in full, use only initials for their given names.
When an author has two or more initials the
second initial stands for the middle name. In
Western culture, given names are usually
placed in front of the family name. If the
family name has been placed first this will
be indicated by a comma directly after it.
2. Year of publication
3. Title of book in italics and minimal
capitalisation
4. Edition, if not the original publication; for
example, 4th edn
5. Publisher
6. Place of publication.
Figure 4: Referencing a book with one author
Source: Author
Note: Place of publication refers to the city in which the publisher is located. If several cities are given on the source, use the first-listed city. If
the place of publication is little-known or could be confused with another place of the same name, provide the state as well.
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Referencing journal articles and
periodicals
Example
When including a journal article in the reference list,
the following elements should be presented in this
order:
1. Author’s surname (family name) and initials.
year of publication
2. Title of article in single quotation marks and
minimal capitalisation.
3. Title of journal or periodical in italics and
maximal capitalisation
4. Volume number (vol.)
5. Issue number (no.) or other identifier (for
example, Winter)
6. Page numbers on which the article begins
and ends.
Figure 5: Referencing a journal article
Source: Author
Journal article from the Web Example
If you find a journal article through a standard Web
search (e.g. using Google or MSN, not through a
CQUniversity Library database or Library Search
option), give the full details of the article as shown in
Figure 1 and add the date you viewed the Web page
and the Web address of the article.
Kennedy, I 2004, ‘An assessment strategy to help forestall plagiarism problems’,
Studies in Learning, Evaluation, Innovation and Development, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–8,
viewed 7 October 2005, http://www.sleid.cqu.edu.au/viewissue.php?id=5
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Referencing law cases Example
For a case of law the following elements should be
presented in the following order:
1. Case name
2. Year of case
3. Volume number
4. Law report series
5. Starting page of the source.
Figure 6: Referencing a law case
Source: Author
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Referencing a website Example
For a website, the following elements should be
presented in the following order:
1. Name of the author/sponsor/owner of the
site/ organisation/department
2. Year of publication on the web—if no date,
use n.d.
3. Title of page/site in italics and minimal
capitalisation
4. Date you viewed the site typed in full (day,
month, year)
5. URL underlined, black font, no full stop and
live.
Figure 7: Referencing a website
Source: Author
Using URL references
URLs are underlined and in black font; most word
processing packages will automatically underline
the Internet address.
Long URLs
To avoid very long URLs, it is acceptable to give
the home page for a website rather than the exact
URL of the page you are referencing if the website
has a search facility.
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) 2013, Australian social trends: pregnancy and work
transitions, 2013, cat. no. 4102.0, viewed 18 November 2014, http://www.abs.gov.au/
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Rules for adding citations to the reference list Examples
• There should be commas between all elements
except between the initials of the author(s) and the
date.
• Font style and size is the same as for the rest of the
assignment, Times New Roman 12 or Arial 11.
• Line spacing in the reference list is single line spacing
even though the assignment is 1.5 line spacing.
• The title References is bold, left aligned, and has the
same font style and size as the document.
• Abbreviations such as p. for page number, vol. for
volume and no. for issue number are followed by a
fullstop.
References
Cottrell, S 2013, The study skills handbook, 4th edn, Palgrave Macmillan,
Basingstoke, UK.
Gibson, H 2002, ‘Busy travellers: leisure-travel patterns and meanings in
later life’. World Leisure Journal, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 11-20.
‘Greek PM calls risky election’ 2014, Australian, 10 December, p. 9.
Oumlil, AB & Williams, AJ 2011, ‘Financial services and the elderly poor:
development and implementation of sustainable intervention strategies’,
Journal of Financial Services Marketing, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 274–286.
Rules about authors’ names Examples
• In Western culture, given names are usually placed in
front of the family name followed by a comma.
• Even if the source gives the author’s names in full
Harvard style does not include this. Use only the first
letter or initials of given names of authors,
• When an author has two or more initials, the second
initial stands for the middle name.
• Titles such as Doctor or Professor are not included.
Dana Lynn Driscoll becomes Driscoll, DL
Stella Cottrell becomes Cottrell, S
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Rules for using capitalisation Examples
Minimal capitalisation
• Only the first word in the titles of books, chapters,
journal articles and websites is capitalised regardless of
how the titles are capitalised in the original. The
exception is names or proper nouns.
• If the title of the article, book or chapter contains a
colon, the first word after the colon should not be
capitalised unless it is a proper noun.
• Authors’ names and initials, journal titles and the names
of publishing firms and businesses or organisations are
always capitalised.
Jones, B 1999, The history of rock: John Lennon, Zen Publishing, London.
Lieb, K 2013, Gender, branding and the modern music industry: the social
construction of female popular music stars, e-book, Routledge, New York,
NY.
Maximal capitalisation
For the titles of periodicals (journals, magazines and
newspapers), capitalise the first word and also any other word
which is not ‘the’, ‘a’, ‘an’, a preposition (such as ‘for’, ‘on’,
‘under’, ‘about’) or a conjunction (such as ‘and’, ‘but’, ‘or’).
The Journal of Sociology
Watkins, D & Langford, J 2007, ‘A new phase in Australia’s double tax
agreements’, Taxation in Australia, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 30–35.
Italics
Italics is a type face that makes letters slant to the right. It is
used to distinguish words from others within your text.
Italics can be combined with minimal or maximal capitalisation
to show titles, names of ships and other vehicles, scientific
names, and technical terms.
Cottrell, S 2013, The study skills handbook, 4th edn, Palgrave, Macmillan,
Basingstoke, UK.
Source: adapted from Style Manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, p. 134 and pp. 145—148.
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Section 4: What is Academic Integrity?
Incorrect referencing techniques (even if they are innocent mistakes) can lead to problems with ‘plagiarism’. The word ‘plagiarism’ comes from
the Latin word ‘plagiarius’ – meaning ‘kidnapper’. Plagiarism is a form of kidnapping others’ work and ideas — presenting it in an assignment
without giving credit to the author(s). According to the Oxford Student’s Dictionary plagiarism is ‘the act of copying another person’s ideas,
words or work and pretending they are your own’ (2007, p. 529). In other words, you would be plagiarising if you copied the ideas, words or
thoughts of the authors of your research without acknowledging them in your paragraphs, even if you have paraphrased. This includes using
another student’s work, or your own previously submitted work, without acknowledging or citing it. Always act with integrity and use correct
referencing techniques to make sure you don’t accidentally plagiarise someone else’s work.
Plagiarism is considered serious misconduct and must be avoided at all times. You should avoid plagiarism and report it because:
• Plagiarism is unethical.
• Plagiarism does not allow you to develop as an academic writer.
• Plagiarism attracts severe penalties.
How will they know I have plagiarised?
While enrolled at CQUni, each time you upload an assignment it is processed through the Turnitin program. This is a program that checks for
similarity between your work and others; therefore identifying possible plagiarism in your assignment. You can learn to use Turnitin to check
your assignment for accidental plagiarism before you submit your final copy to your lecturer. Watch the video:
https://moodle.cqu.edu.au/mod/page/view.php?id=61630#feedback
If it seems you have plagiarised, you will be sent an email to advise you that plagiarism has been detected in your assignment. You will need to
reply to the email and explain what happened. You may also be required to attend some academic integrity training. You may face severe
academic penalties, including possibly failing and being withdrawn from the course or unit.
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Steps for avoiding plagiarism
Record the sources you use. Before taking notes from any source, record all the bibliographic information.
Take careful notes. Take carefully written notes. Develop a system to distinguish between what you have copied directly
from the source, (direct quotations), what you have put in your own words (paraphrased or
summarised), and your comments about the information from that source.
Paraphrase appropriately. Change words and structure of the original work keeping only technical words the same.
Use in-text citations in every written
draft.
Get into the habit of including the in-text (author, date) citations as you write each draft of your
assignment.
Keep your work secure. Avoid sharing paper or electronic drafts of your work with other students.
Use Turnitin to check for text
matching on assignment drafts.
You can use the Turnitin software to check your draft assignment for evidence of matching text before
submission.
Section 5: How to create in text citations and citations for the reference list
This Abridged Guide to the Harvard Referencing Style provides a number of examples showing how to reference specific sources in the text of
your assignment (in-text) and in the reference list. However, this guide does not contain an exhaustive list of examples so it may be necessary
to examine more than one example, or a combination of examples, to identify the best way to reference a specific item. Sometimes you need to
problem solve to decide how to reference the item you have used.
When adding a reference to the reference list, you must provide the reader with enough information to enable them to locate the source. The
following specific examples of referencing, and the examples provided in Section 3, will help you to work out what kind of information you need
to collect about your source. Find one of the examples in this guide similar to your source and gather similar information for your citation. Then
if you are still unsure, you can ask the Academic Learning Centre (ALC) to assist you. Look out for ALC advertised workshops.
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Hard copy books
Examples of how to refer to the
resource in-text
Model to follow in the reference list
One author
Include the author’s family name and
the year of publication.
A recent study (Hinchy 2007) found that
gender …
Hinchy (2007, p. 10) claims that ‘…’.
Hinchy, RD 2007, The Australian legal system: history,
institutions and method, Pearson Education Australia,
Frenchs Forest, NSW.
Two authors
Citation
Only use an ampersand (&) when the
authors’ names are given within
parentheses in-text. Use ‘and’ when
the authors’ names are incorporated
in the text.
Reference list
Use & between author’s names.
Gender equity and indigenous youth
are two points of discussion covered in
detail (White & Wyn 2013).
White and Wyn (2013, p. 4) stated that
‘gender equity and indigenous youth
are two points of discussion covered in
detail.
White, R & Wyn, J 2013, Youth and society, Oxford
University Press, South Melbourne, Vic.
Three authors
Use an ampersand (&) between the
second and third name when the
authors’ names are given within
parentheses. Use ‘and’ when the
authors’ names are incorporated in
the text.
Following the process outlined will
ensure that you have all the tools and
assets you need to create amazing
work across desktop and mobile
devices (Smith, Smith & Gerantabee
2010).
Smith, J, Smith, C & Gerantabee, F 2010, Adobe Creative
Suite 5 Design Premium all-in-one for dummies, Wiley
Publication, Hoboken, New Jersey.
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Examples of how to refer to the
resource in-text
Model to follow in the reference list
Four or more authors
Citation
Give only the first author’s family
name as listed on the source, followed
by ‘et al.’ (meaning ‘and others’) and
the year.
Reference list
Include the family names and initials
of ALL the authors. Separate the
authors with commas and use an
ampersand (&) before the last author.
Social issues including social class and
gender differences and their impact on
schooling are important concepts for
new educators to consider (Connell et
al. 2013).
Connell et al. (2013) explains that the
relationship between adolescents,
parents and school communities is
paramount and closely linked to social
issues and ideals
Connell, R, Welch, T, Vickers, M, Foley, D, Bagnall, N,
Hayes, D, Proctor, H, Sriprakash, A & Campbell, G 2013,
Education, change and society, Oxford University Press,
Melbourne, Vic.
Multiple works—same author,
published in different years
Citation
When including two works by the
same author in the same
parentheses, place them in
chronological order according to the
date of publication (i.e. oldest to
newest).
Recent research (Brown 2014, 2015)
has indicated that …
Brown, M 2014, Wipeout water world: an accounting
practice set using MYOB AccountRight version 19,
Pearson Education, Frenchs Forest, NSW.
Brown, M 2015, Pedro’s Pizzas: an accounting practice
set using MYOB AccountRight version 19, Pearson
Education, Frenchs Forest, NSW.
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Examples of how to refer to the
resource in-text
Model to follow in the reference list
Multiple works—same author/s,
same year
Citation
When including multiple works by the
same author published in the same
year, add a lower-case letter (a, b, c,
etc.) to the year. The letters relate to
the alphabetical order of the titles.
Reference list
Letters should also be included next
to the year.
Marzano and Pickering (2006a) set out
methods of teaching students how to
build up their academic vocabulary.
According to Marzano and Pickering
(2006b), there should be emphasis
placed on identifying declarative and
procedural knowledge in the planning
process of a unit.
Marzano, RJ & Pickering, DJ 2006a, Building academic
vocabulary: teacher’s manual, Hawker Brownlow
Education, Heatherton, Vic.
Marzano, RJ & Pickering, DJ 2006b, Dimensions of
learning: teacher’s manual, 2nd edn, Hawker Brownlow
Education, Heatherton, Vic.
Works by different authors with the
same family name
Citation
The year of publication will
differentiate between the two authors.
Reference list
Be sure to place these sources in
alphabetical order according to their
family name, and then according to
their first initial.
It was found that ‘…’ (Jones 2012,
pp. 47–48)
or
A recent report (Jones 2011) shows
that …
Jones, A 2012, Human geography: the basics, Routledge,
New York.
Jones, K 2011, Neurological assessment: a clinician’s
guide, Churchill Livingstone, London.
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Examples of how to refer to the
resource in-text
Model to follow in the reference list
Works by different authors with the
same family name, same year
Citation
Include the authors’ initials in the
reference to distinguish between
them. As a general rule, it is advisable
to paraphrase in this instance.
Reference list
Be sure to place these sources in
alphabetical order according to their
family name, and then according to
their first initial.
G Jones (2012) pointed out the
importance of sustainability in the
management of certain environments.
The role that humankind plays in
shaping … (Jones, A 2012).
Jones, A 2012, Human geography: the basics, Routledge,
New York.
Jones, G 2012, Current research in sustainability, Tilde
Publishing, Prahran, Vic.
No author body
If no author is given, cite the work by
title. If the title is long, use a
shortened version in the in-text
citation.
Food safety is paramount when
preparing meals for human
consumption (Make it safe: a guide to
food safety 2010).
Make it safe: a guide to food safety 2010, CSIRO
Publishing, Collingwood, Vic.
No author but an authoring body
(institution, corporation or other
organisation)
It has been suggested that ‘’
(Organization for Economic
Cooperation & Development [OECD]
2014, p. 23).
Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development
2014, Leadership for 21st century learning, Brookings
Institution Press, Washington.
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Examples of how to refer to the
resource in-text
Model to follow in the reference list
Source within a source: referring to
an author (primary source) read
about in another publication
(secondary source)
Citation
First, cite the original source of the
idea (primary reference) and follow
this with the source in which you
found it (secondary source).
In such citations always include a
page reference, even if the
information provided is a paraphrase.
Try to use the primary source if
possible.
Reference list
Include only the author/s of the
secondary source (i.e. the source you
actually read)
‘… the language of recovery is now
widely used in mental health policy …’
(Ramon et al. 2007, cited in Elder,
Evans & Nizette 2012, p. 124).
Elder, R, Evans, K & Nizette, D 2012, Psychiatric and
mental health nursing, Elsevier Australia, Chatswood,
NSW.
Referring to two primary sources
within the one secondary source
‘The ANGLO-Celtic communication
style is described as direct, dyadic and
contained’ (Purdie et al. 2010, Dudgeon
et al. 2000, cited in Elder, Evans &
Nizette 2012, p. 124).
Elder, R, Evans, K & Nizette, D 2012, Psychiatric and
mental health nursing, Elsevier Australia, Chatswood,
NSW.
No date can be established
Use this infrequently
Lansdown (n.d., p. 13) found that ‘…’. Lansdown, M n.d., Bridging courses, Central Queensland
University, Rockhampton.
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Examples of how to refer to the
resource in-text
Model to follow in the reference list
Approximate date only can be
established
See also Section 1: Latin words and
their meanings
Information security is deemed critical
and Mjølsnes (c. 2012) suggests …
Mjølsnes, SF (ed.) c. 2012, A multidisciplinary introduction
to information security, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
Several sources are cited at once
Do not overdo this!
Alphabetise according to the name of
the first author in each source.
Use semicolons to separate sources.
List each author as a separate entry in
the reference list.
Paraphrasing is essential in order to
cite the essence of what the authors
all agree upon.
Recent studies (Christopher 2012;
Haghiran 2012; Patil et al. 2012) agree
that …
Christopher, EM (ed.) 2012, Communication across
cultures, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, New York.
Haghirian, P 2012, Successful cross-cultural management:
a guide for international managers, Business Expert
Press, New York.
Patil, A, Eijkman, H, Bhattacharya, E & Hershey, PA (eds)
2012, New media communication skills for engineers and
IT professionals: trans-national and trans cultural
demands, Information Science Reference, Hershey,
Pennsylvania.
Second or later edition
Reference list
If it is not the original work or first
edition, include the number and the
abbreviation ‘edn’ after the title.
‘It is generally understood in Higher
Education that …’ (Cottrell 2013, p. 5)
Cottrell, S 2013, The study skills handbook, 4th edn,
Palgrave, Macmillan, Basingstoke, UK.
Second or later edition and no
author
Note that rev. used in this way is an
abbreviation for review or revised.
This style manual was prepared for the
Commonwealth Department of Finance
and Administration (Style manual for
authors, editors and printers 2002).
Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn,
2002, rev. Snooks & Co., John Wiley & Sons, Milton, Qld.
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Examples of how to refer to the
resource in-text
Model to follow in the reference list
Edited work One well-respected university (Nelson
& Wei 2012) declares that …
Nelson, AR & Wei, IP (eds) 2012, The global university:
past, present, and future perspectives, Palgrave
Macmillan, New York.
Chapter in an edited work
In the reference list the author of the
book chapter
Snyder et al. (2013) believe in the
importance of emotion coaching ...
Snyder, J, Low, S, Bullard, L, Schrepferman, L,
Wachlarowicz, M, Marvin, C & Reed, A 2013, ‘Effective
parenting practices: social interaction learning theory and
the role of emotion coaching and mindfulness’, in RE
Larzelere, AS Morris, & AW Harrist (eds), Authoritative
parenting: synthesizing nurturance and discipline for
optimal child development, pp. 189-210, American
Psychological Association, Washington DC.
One volume of multi-volume work Developments in understanding the
principal requirements of humanitarian
assistance in several incidents are
covered … (Couig 2012).
Couig, MP 2012, Annual review of nursing research, vol.
30, Disasters and Humanitarian Assistance, Springer
Publishing, New York.
One issue or volume in an edited
series
In Australia, there is a growing gap
between rich and poor (Healey 2014).
Healey, J (ed.) 2014, Gender discrimination and
inequality, vol. 374, Issues in society, Spinney Press,
Thirroul, NSW.
Book chapter available in
CQUniversity Course Resources
Online (CRO)
The health care system in Australia is
financed … (Willis 2009).
Willis, E 2009, ‘Chapter 1: the Australian health care
system’, in E Willis, L Reynolds & H Keleher (eds),
Understanding the Australian health care system, pp. 3–
60, Churchill Livingston Elsevier, Sydney.
Published learning package
containing various sources
This may be a compilation of items
from various sources (comp).
It is important to use sources effectively
(CQUniversity 2010).
CQUniversity (comp.) 2010, ESSC11004 Study and
research skills for Health Science, McGraw Hill Australia,
Sydney.
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E-Books
URLs should be active or live. They should be underlined and in black font.
Examples of how to refer to the
resource in-text
Model to follow in the reference list
E-book available on the Web
Reference list
Include the word ‘E-book’ after the title.
URLs should be active or live. They
should be underlined and in black font.
This book outlines the basic concepts
of contemporary supply chain
management (Lu 2012).
Lu, D 2012, Fundamentals of supply chain management, E-
book, Idea Group Publishing, London, available at
http://www.free-ebooks.net/ebook/fundamentals-of-supply-
chain-management
E-book chapter available on the Web
Reference list
Include the word ‘E-book’ after the title.
URLs should be active or live. They
should be underlined and in black font.
Richards (2010) argues that ... Richards, S 2010, ‘Everyday creativity in the classroom: a
trip through time with seven suggestions’ in RA Beghetto &
JC Kaufman (eds), Nurturing creativity in the classroom, E-
book, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, available at
http://www.cabridge.org/
E-book available via ACQUIRE or
Library Search
Include the word ‘E-book’ after the title.
No retrieval information is needed for E-
books from ACQUIRE, a CQU Library
database or CQU Library’s Library
Search service.
According to Chen (2013) the two
main categories of statistical
information are ...
Chen, B 2013, System parameter identification: information
criteria and algorithms, E-book, Elsevier Science,
Burlington.
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Examples of how to refer to the
resource in-text
Model to follow in the reference list
E-book chapter available via
ACQUIRE or Library Search
Reference list
No retrieval information is needed for E-
book s from ACQUIRE, a CQU Library
database or CQU Library’s Library
Search service.
According to Taylor and Tindimugaya
(2012), …
Taylor, R & Tindimugaya, C 2012, ‘The impacts of climate
change and rapid development on weathered crystalline
rock aquifer systems in the humid tropic of sub-Saharan
Africa: evidence from south-western Uganda’ in JJ Gurdak,
JL Martin-Bordes & H Treidel (eds), Climate change on
groundwater resources: a global synthesis of findings and
recommendations, E-book, pp. 17─30, CRC
Press/Balkema, Leiden.
Kindle and Adobe Digital Edition
If there are no page numbers, look for
the chapter heading or if there are no
chapters, look for the nearest heading
and its format and put in the paragraph
number (e.g. Ch. 8, para. 14; or ‘Our
growth plan’, para. 2).
Myers and Gulanick (2011) propose
that …
Fry, S 2014, More fool me: a memoir, Epub—Adobe Digital
Edition, available at Bookworld.
Myers, JL & Gulanick, M 2011, Nursing care plans:
diagnosis, interventions and outcomes, Kindle version,
available at Amazon.com.
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Hard copy journal articles
In the reference list, include the following details in this order: author’s family name, author’s initial(s), year, ‘article title’, name of journal (in
italics), volume number, issue number, page range. The volume, issue number and page range are usually printed at the top of the article,
above the abstract, but they can appear elsewhere, for example on the bottom right or left hand side of the first page. Notice in the examples
that follow, journal references omit information on place of publication and publisher. Journal titles use maximal capitalisation.
Examples of how to refer to the
resource in-text
Model to follow in the reference list
One journal author
Refer to the Hard copy books section
for samples of more than one author.
See also: Appendix G: Basic Citation
Styles
Thomson (2014, p. 8) maintains that ‘…’ Thomson, H 2014, ‘Suspended between life and death’,
New Scientist, vol. 221, no. 2962, pp. 8-9.
No journal author
If no author is given, cite the title of
the article in your reference. If the
title is very long, use a shortened
form of the title in-text.
Studies of mosquitoes have …
(‘Multifaceted menace’ 2007).
‘Multifaceted menace’ 2007, Science, vol. 317, no. 5836,
pp. 301–304.
No volume or issue number
Reference list
If there is no volume or issue
number, include the month or the
season (e.g. Spring, Summer).
It has been suggested that ‘months of
political …’ (Cheng 2001, p. 1).
Cheng, AT 2001, ‘Dateline: Taiwan: Taiwan (in)
dependence’, Asiaweek, 30 November, p. 1.
Article reproduced in a university
module or readings
Use the name of the university as it
appears on the copyright page.
The role of the midwife is ... (Brown
2005).
It is often believed ‘...’ (Brown 2005, p.
24).
Brown, J 2005, ‘Midwives: true believers’, Australian
Midwifery News, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 22–26, in CQUniversity
2009, MDWF20001 Professional midwifery studies:
resource materials, CQUniversity, Rockhampton.
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Examples of how to refer to the
resource in-text
Model to follow in the reference list
Magazine
Always evaluate information found in
magazines for ‘scholarliness’—
including bias, validity,
trustworthiness of the authors etc.
Magazines are not generally
considered scholarly sources for
research.
Real estate marketing advisors are
promoting the benefits of using social
media to market and sell properties
(Thistleton 2012).
Thistleton, R 2012, ‘Home tweet home’, Business Review
Weekly, 22–28 March, p. 47.
Online or electronic journals
Include the following details in this order: author’s family name, author’s initial(s), year ‘article title’, name of journal (in italics), volume number,
issue number, page range. Volume, issue number and the page range are usually printed at the top of the article, above the abstract. This
information can also be found in the footers of the pages.
For journal articles found on the Web (but not through CQU Library), include the date you visited the Web page and the Web address.
Examples of how to refer to the
resource in-text
Model to follow in the reference list
Journal article from a database or
from Library Search
Do not include a URL.
Refer to Hard copy books section for
examples of more than two authors.
Triggle (2013, p. 6) recommends that
‘…’.
or
Oumlil and Williams (2011) argue that …
Triggle, N 2013, ‘Specialist nurses reach out to young
people with disabilities’, Nursing Children and Young
People, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 6-7.
Oumlil, AB & Williams, AJ 2011, ‘Financial services and the
elderly poor: development and implementation of
sustainable intervention strategies’, Journal of Financial
Services Marketing, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 274–286.
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Examples of how to refer to the
resource in-text
Model to follow in the reference list
Journal article available on the
Web
This applies to journal articles found
through a Web search (e.g. Google)
rather than through a Library
database or Library Search service.
Reference list
URLs should be active or live. They
should be underlined and in black
font.
Gilmore and Cuskelly (2012) suggest
that stress over a period of time
demands parents adapt to the needs of
their child with a disability.
Gilmore, L & Cuskelly, M 2012, ‘Parenting satisfaction and
self-efficacy: a longitudinal study of mothers of children with
down syndrome’, Journal of Family Studies, vol.18, no.1,
pp. 28-35 , viewed 8 June 2020, https://www-tandfonline-
com.ezproxy.cqu.edu.au/doi/pdf/10.5172/jfs.2012.18.1.28?
needAccess=true
Journal article available on the
Web with no page numbers
If there are no page numbers, look for
the chapter heading or if there are no
chapters, look for the nearest heading
and put in the paragraph number (e.g.
Ch. 8, para. 14; or ‘Our growth plan’,
para. 2).
Data analysis indicated a reasonable
level of accuracy shown by ‘77% of the
total answers in the control group and
94% of the total answers in the face-to-
face lecture/online animation and the
totally online group being correct’
(Donahue-Wallace & Chanda 2005, 5.1
Part one, para. 2).
Donahue-Wallace, K & Chanda, J 2005, 'A case study in
integrating the best practices of face-to-face art history and
online teaching', Interactive Multimedia Electronic Journal
of Computer-Enhanced Learning, vol. 7, no. 1, viewed 8
June 2020, http://imej.wfu.edu/articles/2005/1/01/index.asp
Journal article available through
CQUniversity’s Course Resources
Online (CRO)
Watkins and Langford (2007, p. 30)
indicate that ‘…’.
Watkins, D & Langford, J 2007, ‘A new phase in Australia’s
double tax agreements’, Taxation in Australia, vol. 42, no.
2, pp. 30–35.
Thesis or dissertation
Note that the degree level and
awarding body/university are
included.
Adam (2016) illustrates in a passage
from Lewis’s argument …
Adam, B 2016, Cosmic warfare: changing models of the
universe and C.S. Lewis's defence of truth and meaning, PhD
thesis, James Cook University, viewed 8 June 2020,
https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/52960/
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Hardcopy newspaper articles
Examples of how to refer to the
resource in-text
Model to follow in the reference list
Newspaper article with an author
In the reference list omit ‘The’ from
any newspaper title.
Higgins (2014, p. 3) reported that
‘Australian diplomats played a key role in
…’.
Higgins, E 2014, ‘Consul key in China ice escape’,
Australian, 10 December, p. 3.
Newspaper article without an
author
In the reference list omit ‘The’ from
any newspaper title.
According to the Australian the political
situation in Greece is contentious, with
parties vying for power in a turbulent
situation (‘Greek PM calls risky election’
2014, p. 9).
‘Greek PM calls risky election’ 2014, Australian, 10
December, p. 9.
Book review—newspaper
In the reference list omit ‘The’ from
any newspaper title.
‘This book unfolds seamlessly and
remains engaging’ (Loosley 2014, p. 20).
Loosley, S 2014, ‘Into the cauldron of war’, review of
Gallipoli by Peter FitzSimons, Weekend Australian Review,
pp. 13–14 December, p. 20.
Online newspaper articles
Examples of how to refer to the
resource in-text
Model to follow in the reference list
Newspaper article with an author
available via the Web
Reference list
URLs should be active or live. They
should be underlined and in black
font.
Towell (2014, para. 1) reported that
‘15,000 public servants … will launch a
campaign of civil disobedience … over
pay and conditions disputes’.
Towell, N 2014, ‘Human services public servants begin
industrial campaign over pay offer’, Canberra Times, 10
December, viewed 11 December 2014,
http://www.canberratimes.com.au/national/public-service/
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Examples of how to refer to the
resource in-text
Model to follow in the reference list
Newspaper article with no author
available via a database
Note: Always check the validity of a
site that has no author or sponsor.
The use of such sites is discouraged.
The Investor’s Business Daily (‘A veiled
attack on free speech’ 2014) discusses
US government plans to place further
surveillance on the press …
‘A veiled attack on free speech’ 2014, Investor’s Business
Daily, 14 February.
Reports
Use minimal capitalisation for the title of a report, but always capitalise proper nouns.
URLs should be active or live. They should be underlined and in black font.
Examples of how to refer to the
resource in-text
Model to follow in the reference list
Report (print)
When there are more than three
authors, use only the first author’s
name followed by et al. in all your in-
text citations.
According to Kitson et al. (2013), … Kitson, A, Conroy, T, Kuluski, K, Locock, L & Lyons, R
2013, Reclaiming and redefining the fundamentals of care:
nursing’s response to meeting patients’ basic human
needs, Research Report No. 2, University of Adelaide,
Adelaide.
Report (online) (individual author)
If the author of the report is not the
publisher, identify the publisher after
the title (following any descriptive
information about the report).
Non-formal learning can occur in a variety
of settings (Trewin 2003).
Trewin, D 2003, Measuring learning in Australia: a
framework for education and training statistics, Information
Paper 4213.0, Australian Bureau of Statistics, viewed 12
October 2013,
http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/
4213.02003?OpenDocument
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Examples of how to refer to the
resource in-text
Model to follow in the reference list
Report (online) (corporate author) Recent data shows that an eighth of the
world’s population suffers from hunger
(United Nations 2013).
United Nations 2013, The Millennium Development Goals
report 2013, viewed 13 September 2013,
http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/report-2013/mdg-
report-2013-english.pdf
Government report, corporate
author (online)
Recruitment of nursing staff is the main …
(Queensland Health 2013).
Queensland Health 2013, Annual report 2012-2013,
viewed 5 November 2013,
http://www.health.qld.gov.au/about_qhealth/annual-
report/12-13/default.asp
Government report, individual
authors (print)
… in Queensland waterways (Mortimer &
Cox 1999).
Mortimer, M & Cox, M 1999, Contaminants in mud crabs
and sediments from the Maroochy River, Environment
Technical Report, no. 25, Queensland Department of the
Environment, Brisbane.
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Conference papers
If the year the paper was presented differs from the year it was published, give the year of publication.
Examples of how to refer to the
resource in-text
Model to follow in the reference list
Conference paper in published
proceedings (print)
Ballesteros (2011) outlines the benefits
of online gaming …
Ballesteros, J 2011, ‘More than just a game: perceptions of
self in online play’, Conference Papers—American
Sociological Association, pp. 194–219.
Conference paper in published
proceedings (online)
The role of off-shore tutors …
(Sanderson 2013).
Sanderson, G 2013, ‘Hidden spaces in faraway places: the
“lonely work” of partner institution transnational tutors’,
Research and development in higher education: the place of
learning and teaching: Refereed papers from the 36th
HERDSA Annual International Conference, AUT University,
Auckland, pp. 424–432, viewed 12 November 2013,
http://www.herdsa.org.au/wp-
content/uploads/conference/2013/HERDSA_2013_SANDER
SON.pdf
Conference paper online Ford (2013) argues that retro
reflectivity …
Ford, G 2013, 22,500 traffic signs, 550 miles, 5 months, 1
system, paper presented at Esri International User
Conference, 6–8 July, viewed 5 November 2013,
http://proceedings.esri.com/library/userconf/proc13/index.html
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Other documents on the World Wide Web (WWW)
Include the following details in this order: author’s family name, author’s initial(s), year, title of document or website, viewed date, and Web
address. Remember, for online sources, the author is not always a person. Instead, it could be an organisation, a company, a government
department etc.
URLs should be active or live. They should be underlined and in black font. Also see note about long URLs in Section 1 of this document.
Examples of how to refer to the
resource in-text
Model to follow in the reference list
Document on the WWW
URLs should be active (correct,
underlined and black)
The paramedic method can be used to
‘achieve user-centered [sic], persuasive,
and clear prose’ (Brizee 2010, p. 1).
Brizee, HA 2010, Paramedic method: a lesson in writing
concisely, viewed 11 December 2014,
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/635/01/
Stand-alone documents found
within the following library
databases: JBI COnNECT+, MIMS
Online, and ERIC
Use the home page URL of the
publisher’s website.
Anamorph is a form of morphine, a
narcotic used for pain relief (MIMS
Australia 2014).
MIMS Australia 2014, Anamorph, viewed 4 September
2014, https://www.mimsonline.com.au/Search/Search.aspx
Primary source on the WWW
Reference list
Include two dates: use the year it
was published on the Web and put
the original year in parentheses.
Florence Nightingale wrote to Sir
Benjamin Brodie to ask him to advise
Elizabeth Blackwell on her future career
(Nightingale 2001).
Nightingale, F 2001 (1859), Letter to Sir Benjamin Brodie,
February 13, viewed 12 October 2014,
http://clendening.kumc.edu/dc/fn/brodie1.html
Document on the WWW with no
date
Use this infrequently
Greenpeace (n.d., p. 1) urges us to ‘join
together and fight for a clean, healthy
future free of carbon pollution’.
Greenpeace n.d., Climate, viewed 8 December 2014,
http://www.greenpeace.org/australia/en/what-we-
do/climate/
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Examples of how to refer to the
resource in-text
Model to follow in the reference list
Document on the WWW with no
author or authoring body
Always check the validity of a site
that has no named author or
sponsor. The use of such sites is
discouraged.
Use the article title in place of the author,
followed by the year of publication.
Use the article title in place of the author, followed by the
year of publication, the date you viewed the site and the
web address.
Standards on the Web According to Standards Australia (2007),
…
Standards Australia 2007, Australian standard: steel tubes
for mechanical purposes (AS 1450–2007), viewed 22
September 2014, http://www.standards.org.au/
Radio transcript from a website
Producer and presenter are in author
place
Malcolm and Dean (2014) explain that … Malcolm, L & Dean, D 2014, ‘Mind body connection’, All in
the mind, ABC Radio National, radio transcript, viewed 18
November 2014,
http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/allinthemind/
mind-body-connection/5882006
Television transcript
No author. Presenter or narrator
name not used
The importance of the National Economic
Summit conference was explained in
‘Just call me Bob: part two’ (2014).
‘Just call me Bob: part two’ 2014, Australian story, ABC TV,
television transcript, 17 November, viewed 18 November
2014,
http://www.abc.net.au/austory/content/2014/s4130411.htm
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Government documents
Give the organisation’s name in full the first time you refer to it, followed by the abbreviation in parentheses. Use only the abbreviation in
subsequent citations. If the site has a search facility, include only the main page URL address. See also section titled Reports.
Examples of how to refer to the
resource in-text
Model to follow in the reference list
Document from a government
Website
The Department of the Environment
(2013) provides a ratings scheme …
Department of the Environment 2013, Repeal of the carbon
tax: treatment of synthetic greenhouse gases, viewed 18
November 2014, http://www.environment.gov.au
Government report (print) Department of Communities, Child Safety
and Disability Services (2014, p. 12)
states, its challenges include ‘…’.
Department of Communities, Child Safety and Disability
Services 2014, Annual report 2013–2014, Queensland
Government, Brisbane.
Australian Bureau of Statistics
online
The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS
2013) reported that the fertility rate …
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) 2013, Australian social
trends: pregnancy and work transitions, 2013, cat. no.
4102.0, viewed 22 October 2015,
http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4102.0Mai
n+Features10Nov+2013
Government media releases According to CSIRO (2014, p. 1), ‘insects
originated at the same time as the
earliest land-based plants …’
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research
Organisation (CSIRO) 2014, Scientists reveal secrets of
insect evolution, media release, 6 November, viewed 22
October 2015, http://www.csiro.au/en/News/News-
releases/2014/Scientists-reveal-secrets-of-insect-evolution
Government debates recorded in
Hansard
Senator Scullion (Australia, Senate 2014,
p. 354) moved that ‘the sixth anniversary
of the …’
Australia, Senate 2014, Debates, vol. S1, p. 354, viewed 18
November 2014,
http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Hansard/Ha
nssen261110
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Examples of how to refer to the
resource in-text
Model to follow in the reference list
Fact sheet Department of Sustainability,
Environment, Water, Population and
Communities (2012) claims that guidance
on salinity …
Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water,
Population and Communities 2012, Salinity, fact sheet,
viewed 18 November 2014, http://www.environment.gov.au/
Government or legal documents as hard copies
Many abbreviations are used when citing legal documents. These abbreviations are explained in Section 1 of this document.
The first time you refer to a legal document, type the title of legislation in italics and include the date. In subsequent citations, there is no need
to use italics and the date can be omitted. If it is not clear from the context, then the jurisdiction (Commonwealth or state) should be given in
parentheses after the title. Use (Cwlth) as the abbreviation for Commonwealth
There is no need to include legislation in your reference list unless it is important to an understanding of the work (for example, in law units). In
this case, use the subheading ‘Legislation’ and list all Acts cited in alphabetical order. Include the date and the jurisdiction.
Examples of how to refer to the
resource in-text
Model to follow in the reference list
Legislation The custody of a child … (Child Safety
Legislation Amendment Act 2005 (Qld), s. 12).
Child Safety Legislation Amendment Act 2005 (Qld).
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Examples of how to refer to the
resource in-text
Model to follow in the reference list
Legislation and regulations When citing government legal or standards documents, use the abbreviation s. or ss. for citing sections.
For example:
• in ss. 4–7 of the Copyright Act 1968
• the Copyright Act 1968, ss. 4–7
• in s. 4 of the Casino Control Ordinance.
When citing regulations, use the abbreviations r. and rr.
For example:
• the Copyright Regulations, rr. 18–19
• the Commonwealth’s Copyright Regulations, r. 18
Note: Acts of Parliament and legislation should be referenced as if in print even if viewed electronically.
Standards Australia Standards
Standards are documents with specifications,
procedures and guidelines that aim to ensure a
certain level of quality in products, services and
systems.
Several factors should be considered when
establishing the scope of the OHS management
system (Standards Australia & Standards New
Zealand 2018, s. 4.3).
All meat businesses require a hazard analysis critical
control point (HACCP) plan (Standards Australia
2007).
Patents CSIRO (2005) formalised and protected the
method …
CSIRO 2005, Method for microfluidic mixing and
mixing device, Australian provisional patent
2005901760, filed 8 April 2005.
Codes of practice (per work
health and safety regulators)
If it is necessary to enter a confined space, a
number of specific hazards should be
Workplace Health and Safety Queensland 2011, Code
of practice: confined spaces, viewed 21 August 2019,
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Examples of how to refer to the
resource in-text
Model to follow in the reference list
As in Queensland, codes of practice
may be called up in the legislation.
They are also considered by the
regulators and courts in determining
whether risk has been managed so
far as ‘reasonably practicable’ under
the WHS statutes.
Publishers of the codes of practice
include the relevant state and
territory WHS regulators. Safe Work
Australia publishes model codes for
the states to adapt or adopt.
identified, and associated risks minimised
(Workplace Health and Safety Queensland
2011).
According to Safe Work Australia (2018, p. 12),
safety considerations should be an integral
element of the building design process to
prevent the risk of falls.
https://www.worksafe.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_fil
e/0010/58159/Confined-spaces-COP-2011.pdf
Safe Work Australia 2018, Model code of practice:
managing the risk of falls at workplaces, viewed 21
August 2019,
https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/system/files/doc
uments/1810/model-cop-managing-the-risk-of-falls-at-
workplaces.pdf
OHS Body of Knowledge
The OHS Body of Knowledge (BoK)
represents a collective knowledge
required by generalist occupational
health and safety professionals.
The OHS Body of Knowledge is
organised as an online document
with downloadable chapters. To
appropriately acknowledge the
authors of each chapter, each
chapter should be referenced
separately.
In Australia, improved regulation of health and
safety started to occur after World War II
(Rafferty & Wright 2019).
It is important for OHS professionals to
understand the distinction between civil and
criminal legal action (Foster et al. 2014).
Rafferty, M & Wright, S 2019, ‘Global concept: work’,
2nd edn, in The core body of knowledge for generalist
OHS professionals, E-book, Australian Institute of
Health and Safety, Tullamarine, Vic, available at
https://www.ohsbok.org.au/bok-chapters/
Foster, N, Sherriff, B, Windholtz, E, Johnstone, R &
Ruschena, L 2014, ‘Principles of OHS law’, in The
core body of knowledge for generalist OHS
professionals, E-book, Australian Institute of Health
and Safety, Tullamarine, Vic, available at
https://www.ohsbok.org.au/bok-chapters/
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Law cases
When citing legal authorities, the following details are necessary:
• name of case
• year and/or volume number
• abbreviated name of the report series
• the page on which the report of the case begins.
There is no need to include legal cases in your reference list unless it is important to an understanding of the work. In this case, list all cases
alphabetically under the subheading: Legal authorities.
Examples of how to refer to the
resource in-text
Model to follow in the reference list
Law cases
To cite specific page numbers, do not
use the abbreviation p. or pp.
The case of The State of New South
Wales v. The Commonwealth (1915) 20
CLR 54 is considered an important
precedent in this area of law.
This was the opinion of the judge in The
State of New South Wales v. The
Commonwealth (1915) 20 CLR 54 at
57–59.
The State of New South Wales v. The Commonwealth
(1915) 20 CLR 54.
Coroner’s report
Reference list
URLs should be active or live. They
should be underlined and in black
font.
The document provided indicates
that the victim died from
strangulation (Office of the State
Coroner 2009).
Office of the State Coroner 2009, Findings of
inquest: Inquest into the deaths of Liam John Wright
and Charles Michael Powell, File No(s): COR
2048/06 & 2179/06, viewed 27 August 2015,
http://www.courts.qld.gov.au/data/assets/pdf_file/0010/86
779/cif-wright-lj-Powell-cm-20090320.pdf
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University-provided study materials as hard copies
The sources below should not be used too frequently. Other sources that you have located while researching are more suitable.
Examples of how to refer to the
resource in-text
Model to follow in the reference list
Lecture notes (unpublished)
Do not use italics or quotation marks
for class handouts as they are
unpublished sources.
Thompson (2011) found that the first
teaching day may result in mixed
emotions for many first year teachers.
Thompson, R 2011, ‘The first day experiences’, lecture
notes distributed in the unit, EDED48314 Professional
practice III, CQUniversity, Bundaberg, 21 April.
Lecture material—non-print (e.g.
whiteboard notes)
This should not be included in the
reference list. Treat it the same as
personal communication and indicate
author and date in your assignment.
In a lecture, SCIE11022 Introductory
science, presented at CQUniversity,
Rockhampton, on 17 December 2014,
Voss suggested that …
University-provided electronic and multimedia study materials
The sources below should not be used too frequently. Other sources that you have located while researching are more suitable.
Examples of how to refer to the
resource in-text
Model to follow in the reference list
Unit notes available on
CQUniversity e-Units (Moodle)
The author of your unit notes is
normally your unit lecturer.
‘Operational Analysis and Effectiveness is
all about the way in which organisations
go about their business’ (Waight 2014, p.
2).
Waight (2014) states that …
Waight, P 2014, Module 1: Developing customer value
through 'operations', unit notes, MGMT20085: Operational
Analysis and Effectiveness, CQUniversity e-Units,
http://moodle.cqu.edu.au
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Examples of how to refer to the
resource in-text
Model to follow in the reference list
PowerPoint presentation on
Moodle
Use the university name as the
author if author unknown
According to Busch (2014) … Busch, G 2014, ‘A brief history of early childhood: How has
history shaped the current context?’, PowerPoint
presentation, EDEC11025: Advocacy, Leadership and
Change in Early Childhood, CQUniversity e-Units,
http://moodle.cqu.edu.au/
Study Guide (author unknown)
Use the university name as the
author.
The function of maintenance must be
understood (CQUniversity 2014, mod. 2,
p. 4) but this must be done …
CQUniversity 2014, ENMM20025: Maintenance Strategies
Module 2: study guide, CQUniversity e-Units,
http://moodle.cqu.edu.au/
Study Guide/workbook with
author)
‘It is well understood that some individuals
and population groups in society have
poorer health outcomes than others’
(Howie 2018).
Howie, V 2018, NURS11162: Inclusive Practice for Nursing
Tutorial Workbook Term 3, CQUniversity e-Units,
http://moodle.cqu.edu.au/
Discussion board message
posted to Moodle
According to Brown (2014,) … Brown, T 2014, ‘Re: Classroom management’, electronic
discussion group message’, 6 September, EDED11406
Teaching Reading, CQUniversity e-Units,
http://moodle.cqu.edu.au/
Echo360 presentation According to Bell (2010), leadership by
numbers is not the answer.
Bell, S 2010, Academic leadership, Echo360 presentation,
viewed 7 July 2010,
http://dmai.cqu.edu.au/FCWViewer/view.do?page=12664
Video on a Moodle site Tyler (2014) showed the processes of
accounting as a train of linking carriage …
Tyler, M 2014, The adjusting process, ISL lecture video,
ACCT11057: Principles of Accounting, CQUniversity e-
Units, http://moodle.cqu.edu.au/
Source referred to in a study
guide
In text, first cite the original source of
the idea (primary source) and follow
Etzioni (1964 cited in CQUniversity 2014,
mod. 1, p. 3) defined organisations as
groupings of human beings …
CQUniversity 2014, ENMM20025: Maintenance Strategies
Module 1: study guide, CQUniversity, e-Units,
http://moodle.cqu.edu.au/
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Examples of how to refer to the
resource in-text
Model to follow in the reference list
this with the source from which you
read it (secondary source). In such
citations you must always include a
page number, even if it is a
paraphrase. Try to locate and use
the primary source if possible.
In the reference list include only the
author/s of the secondary source
(i.e. the source you actually read).


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Multimedia on the web
Always evaluate information found in these sources for ‘scholarliness’—including bias, validity, trustworthiness of the authors etc.
URLs should be active or live. They should be underlined and in black font.

Examples of how to refer to the
resource in-text
Model to follow in the reference list
Podcast or vodcast
A podcast is a digital medium made
up of a series of audio, digital radio,
or PDFs that reader/viewer can
download from the web. Similarly, a
vodcast is a video podcast.
Give the name of the author or
presenter as well as the name of the
episode (quotation marks) and the
name of the program (italics). You
must also identify what format it
takes (e.g. audio or digital video etc.)
Accessible design benefits many students
… (Wood 2007).
Williams, R 2014, ‘Stabilising the climate’, The science
show, audio podcast, accessed 13 December 2014,
11:05:18 am,
http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/feed/2885480/podcast
.xml
Wood, D 2007, ‘Accessible design in technology enhanced
learning environments’, Take 5, digital video podcast,
viewed 16 December 2014,
https://my.cqu.edu.au/group/learning-and-teaching/take-5
iTunes or other eStore downloads The lyrics of the Pixies’ song, Gigantic
(1988) is an early example of the
alternative rock boom of the 1990s.
Pixies, 1988 ‘Gigantic’, iTunes, audio download, accessed
29 August 2012, http://www.apple.com/uk/itunes/
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Specialised sources

Examples of how to refer to the
resource in-text
Model to follow in the reference list
Brochure or Pamphlet Skills for Tertiary Education Preparatory
Studies (STEPS) is an enabling program that
provides a pathway for people wishing to
gain entry to and excel in higher education
(STEPS 2014, p. 1).
STEPS 2014, Skills for tertiary education preparatory
studies, brochure, CQUniversity, Rockhampton.
DVD
For a video, replace DVD recording
with video recording.
Jersey Boys (2014) tells the story of four
young men who get into trouble together
before forming a band.
Jersey Boys 2014, DVD recording, Warner Bros.
Pictures, New York.
Film/Movie Eastwood allows his characters to break the
fourth wall to engage with the audience
(Jersey Boys 2014).
Jersey Boys 2014, motion picture, Warner Bros.
Pictures, New York.
Television broadcast In the episode ‘Labor of Love’ shown on
Australian Story (2010) …
Australian Story 2010, television program, ABC,
Sydney, 23 August.
Television advertisement ‘I bought a Jeep’ (Jeep Australia 2014), even
becomes the slogan for Santa …
Jeep Australia 2014, I bought a Jeep-Santa Clause,
television advertisement, Cummins & Partners,
Melbourne.
Creative work in multimedia
format
(e.g. multiple types on the one CD or
program)
‘Source to Sea tells the story of a changed
and changing river’ (Bundaberg Media
Research Group 2007, p. 1).
Bundaberg Media Research Group 2007, Source to
sea: stories of Burnett River country, creative work,
viewed 6 October 2009,
http://bmrg.cqu.edu.au/FCWViewer/view.do?page=861
0
An artistic work (e.g. a painting) The Queensland Art Gallery has great
pleasure in showing Evicted by Fletcher
(1887).
Fletcher, B 1887, Evicted, oil on canvas, Queensland
Art Gallery, Brisbane.
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Examples of how to refer to the
resource in-text
Model to follow in the reference list
Photographs on the web with
name of creator
In the reference list include two
dates: use the year it was published
on the Web, and the year in
parentheses.
Photographer Miller (2008) captures the
grace of Marilyn.
Miller, R 2008 (1951), Marilyn Monroe arrives at
Greenacres, digital image, Photographers Gallery,
viewed 12 July 2008,
http://www.photographersgallery.com/by_artist.asp?id=
266&per=40&i=1
No creator of the image given The falling man (2006) illustrates capture of
motion.
The falling man 2006, digital image, Ananyah, viewed
12 July 2010, http://ananyah.com/blog/2006/03/16/the-
falling-man/
Student created image
Give your figure a number and title to
describe it. In your writing you should
have a sentence, explaining why it is
there, and if relevant indicate when it
was taken. This sentence should
mention the figure number.
If you use figures photos or other images in
your work that were created by you, there is
no need to create an in-text citation for them,
but you do still need to give them a caption
(figure number and title) and explain why
they are there.
None needed
Song lyric The words to Beautiful (Mauboy et al. 2013)
fit the up-tempo track …
Mauboy, J, Hinshaw, C, Mishan, C & Delazyn, D 2013,
Beautiful, song lyric, Genius Media Group, Brooklyn.
Musical score for a stage show The score by Bock (1964) … Bock, J 1964, Fiddler on the roof, musical score,
Warner Chappell, New York.
Software packages (Thomson Reuters 2014) Thomson Reuters 2014, EndNote X7.2.1, software
update, Thomson Reuters, New York.
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Examples of how to refer to the
resource in-text
Model to follow in the reference list
Facebook
Social networking postings are not
permanent so make sure you copy
and paste the information you are
citing and add to your assignment as
an appendix.
Cain and others (2014, 15 December)
provide a number of negative views about
the suspected Muslim’s involvement in the
siege …
Cain, D 2014, on ABC News Facebook, 15 December,
3.55 pm, viewed 15 December,
https://www.facebook.com/abcnews.au
YouTube: with creator’s name
Take care as sometimes the creator
of the resource is not the same as
the uploader. In this case TED Talks
is the creator.
Ken Robinson believes that the current
education system hinders creativity because
… (TED Talks 2013).
TED Talks 2013, Ken Robinson: how to escape
education’s death valley, video, 10 May, viewed 14
January 2015,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wX78iKhInsc
YouTube: without creator’s name
If the creator of the video is unknown
put the poster’s name in the author
position and indicate that this is the
poster.
This type of video posted by Darkinsidious
(2007) shares stunts that may be copied by
others.
Darkinsidious (poster) 2007, Slingshot fun, video, 10
May, viewed 14 January 2015,
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CCmZYce0J2E
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Examples of how to refer to the
resource in-text
Model to follow in the reference list
Twitter
Give the Tweeter’s name, if known,
followed by their screen name in
square brackets. If the Tweeter’s
name is not known, use their screen
name instead. In this case, it should
not go in square brackets.
Provide the web address for the
archived version of the message or
page if possible (usually available by
clicking on the time/date stamp at the
end of the tweet).
Gillard (2014) mourns the passing of Stella
Young, describing her as a ‘shining light’.
Gillard, J [JuliaGillard] 2014, ‘Stella Young was a
shining light for care and action on disabilities. We
mourn her passing and rededicate ourselves to her
spirit. JG’, Tweet, 7 December, viewed 12 December
2014, http://twitter.com/JuliaGillard
Blog Tony Abbott expressed opinions about
climate change (Greenpeace Australia
Pacific Blog 2014).
Greenpeace Australia Pacific Blog 2014, ‘Who brought
him? Abbott’s G20 blunders’, blog post, 21 November,
viewed 8 December 2014,
http://www.greenpeace.org.au/blog/
Wiki The term philosophy means ‘a love of
wisdom’ (The Psychology Wiki 2009, p. 1).
The Psychology Wiki 2009, Introduction to philosophy,
wiki, viewed 8 December 2014,
http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Introduction_to_philoso
phy
Interview on radio Tony Abbott defended the government's
approach to key budget measures (Woodley
2014).
Woodley, N 2014, The world today, radio broadcast,
ABC News, 8 December.
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Examples of how to refer to the
resource in-text
Model to follow in the reference list
Personal communication
Conversations, letters and personal
email messages, are not included in
a reference list.
In an email communication on 10 January
2014, the Director of Meticulous
Communications, Mary Wren, indicated
that …
Byrne explained in his interview that he
believed that this was a useful strategy
(2012, pers. comm., 6 June).

Atlas (with an editor) The position of the new city is to be in south-
east Queensland (Eales 2003, Map 34).
Eales, S (ed.) 2003, The Jacaranda atlas, 3rd edn,
John Wiley & Sons, Brisbane.
Atlas (with no editor)
As there is no editor the title of the
atlas takes that place and is written
with capital.
The monsoon trough moves south over the
landmass of north Western Australia
(Jacaranda atlas 2010).
Jacaranda atlas 2010, 7th edn, John Wiley & Sons,
Brisbane.
Map
Reference list should contain:
Map publisher (origin), year of
publication, created map title, scale,
source.
… reading from this map (Department of
Mines and Energy Queensland 1996).
Department of Mines and Energy, Queensland 1996,
Dotswood, Australia 1:100 000 geological series, sheet
8158, Department of Mines and Energy, Queensland,
Brisbane.
Encyclopaedia (with author/editor) ‘Human prehistory has a timescale …’
(Stearns 2001, p. 2)
Stearns, P (ed.) 2001, Encyclopaedia of World History,
Houghton Mifflin, New York.
Encyclopaedia article available on
the Web or via a database
The renowned rebellion occurred at the
Eureka goldfield (Encyclopaedia Britannica
2014) …
Encyclopaedia Britannica 2014, Australia, viewed 8
December 2014, http://www.britannica.com/
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Examples of how to refer to the
resource in-text
Model to follow in the reference list
Dictionary entry available on the
Web
The definition of magnetism (Oxford
Dictionaries 2014) …
Oxford Dictionaries 2014, Magnetism, viewed 8
December 2014, http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/
Dictionary (author/s) ‘The Gibson walking splint enables a patient
to be ambulatory’ (Harris, Nagy & Vardaxis
2014, p. 739).
Harris, P, Nagy, S & Vardaxis, N (eds) 2014, Mosby’s
dictionary of medicine, nursing & health professions
(3rd ANZ edn), Elsevier, Sydney.
Dictionary (no author)
If there is no author for a dictionary,
there is no need to include it in your
reference list.
The Australian Concise Oxford Dictionary
(2011, p. 84) defines attention deficit disorder
as ‘any range of behavioural disorders
occurring primarily in children’.

Tables and figures
The source is shown beneath the
figure, table or image.
Full source details should be shown
in the reference list.
Source: Adapted from ABS (2017, Figure
2.2).
See Part 1 for other examples of these. If you
are the author of the table or figure and the
data is your own there is no need to create
an in-text citation; just label the item and give
it a caption.
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) 2016, Migration,
Australia, 2014-15, cat. no. 3412.0, viewed 9 February
2018, http://www.abs.gov.au/

An App
If there is no author you can
substitute the title.
(Skyscape 2017) Skyscape 2017, Skyscape Medical Library, version
2.6.9, mobile app, viewed 9 February 2018,
http://www.skyscape.com/


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Appendices
Appendix A: Key terms defined
Key terms Explanation
Author The person, group or organisation that created the source. There may be single or multiple authors; or
single or multiple editors; or organisations may be credited as authors rather than specific individuals. If
the source has no designated author you may use the title instead.
Bibliography A complete list of all sources consulted when preparing a piece of work, whether cited in-text or not. It
records the full publication details of each source in the same way as for a reference list. Use a
bibliography only if specifically requested to do so.
Copy or reproduce Inserting an image, figure or table from a source in your own work without modifying it in any way. If you
reproduce a table in your work, you should label it as a table and include a citation. Tables should be
numbered sequentially with a title above and citation below. If you include data, or some columns of
data, from a table in your work, you also need to include a citation.
Labels If you include an image, diagram or visual in your text it is referred to as a Figure or a Table which
should be numbered sequentially (e.g. Figure 1 or Table 1. These are called labels. The source of the
image, figure or table should be typed under the label).
E-book, e-book or eBook An E-book is an electronic version of a print book that can be downloaded and read on a computer or
other digital device. However, printed copies may not exist, and the eBook may be the only version of
the text. You may find a complete book or chapters of the E-book. Some of these are free and other
must be bought from publishers or suppliers.
In text citation This is a reference to other people's work given in parentheses (round brackets) in your sentence (in-
text). It is a record of the author, date and sometimes page number of any sources you use. Use
surnames for in-text citations (no initials). The position of the in-text citation varies depending on where
you use author prominent or information prominent citations.
An essay with few or no citations will be a cause of concern for lecturers as this may indicate plagiarism
or limited research.
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Key terms Explanation
Journal article Journals are collections of articles that are published on a regular basis to report current research within
a discipline. Journals are sometimes referred to as magazines, periodicals or serials.
Paraphrase Paraphrasing is putting someone else’s ideas into your own words. When you paraphrase, you must
provide an in-text citation to show that the material comes from another source.
Quotation A direct quotation is the exact reproduction of someone's words which is marked with quotation marks
or other special formatting. It requires a citation.
Reference list The complete list of all sources cited or quoted in the text of your work. The reference list appears at the
end of your work. It records the full publication details of each source and is arranged in alphabetical
order.
Every in-text citation should appear in the reference list, and every item in the reference list should be
mentioned at least once in the assignment. Additionally, the citations that appear in the text must have
the same spellings and dates as the ones in the reference list.
Source The place where the information was found. Source type refers to whether the source is a book, article,
website etc. and whether it is print or electronic. Referencing rules differ for each source type.
Summary A brief account of another person’s ideas or research in your own words. A summary of a complete
work or section of a work, or a general reference to someone's work or ideas, requires a citation.
URL This is the abbreviation for Uniform Resource Locator. It also known as the web address. When
including a URL for a source found on the web it is not necessary to include a long URL if the website
has a search engine.
Leave the URL to break or fit the line in its own way; do not use enter or a space to push the URL to a
new line. If it is pushed onto a new line, the extra enter will make it impossible for the
automatic alphabetiser to be used to sort the reference list.
Look at the ALC Computing Moodle site to find out how to use the alphabetiser for your
reference list.

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Appendix B: Symbols and their use
Symbols Use in citations
&
Ampersand
The ampersand symbol represents the word ‘and’.
The ampersand is used to abbreviate ‘and’ and is used between authors’ names in
information prominent citations in text (in the parentheses) and in the reference list.
However, when providing an in-text citation with two authors as an author
prominent citation (i.e. as part of the sentence) the word ‘and’ is used.
( )
Round brackets (parentheses)
Round brackets, or parentheses, come in pairs and
contain material that help clarify a point, but often
indicate the information within is less important than what
surrounds it.
Parentheses are used to enclose a citation within the text of an essay. The use of
parentheses (a word or phrase inserted) for other purposes should be avoided in
academic writing. Use wording to show the value of a piece of text rather than
using parentheses. If something is not important enough to include in the main text,
consider leaving it out completely.
[ ]
Square brackets
Square brackets are used to add explanatory material to
quotations, or to distinguish between multiple sets of
brackets.
Square brackets are also used to enclose insertions in
quotations made by someone other than the original
author, such as sic (explained in the section about Latin
words and their abbreviations). They are also used when
adding extra words to quotations that help the reader to
understand the meaning when you need to fit a quotation
into your own sentence correctly.
If it is an information prominent citation, square brackets are used within a
parentheses when adding an acronym or initialisms to your writing for the first time.
Here are two examples:
The impact of this program has been dramatic (World Health Organization [WHO]
2011).
In fact, Rumelhart (1981, pp. 33-34) asserts that schemata ‘are the fundamental
elements upon which all information processing depends ... [and play a large role]
in guiding the flow of processing in the system’.

When editing quotations, avoid changing the quotation’s meaning.

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Appendix C: Acronyms (words formed from the initial letters other words) and their use
Acronyms Examples
Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of
each word in a long name that can be said as a word.
You must not create an acronym of your own. Use the
existing ones that are recognised, for example, Technical
and Further Education (TAFE), or Queensland and
Northern Territory Aerial Services Ltd (QANTAS).
The first time an acronym is used you must give the full
name followed by the acronym in parentheses. After that
the acronym may be used in place of the full name or
phrase. Always use the full name or phrase in the
abstract section of your document.
An author prominent in-text citation
The first time you use a name that you want to shorten to an acronym or initialism
type the name in full and then type the acronym or initialism in parentheses after it.
For example:
According to the World Health Organization (WHO 2011), this program has had a
dramatic impact. This is demonstrated by the data emerging from this study (WHO
2011).

An information prominent in-text citation
The first time you use a name that you want to shorten to an acronym or initialism
use the name in full and then type the acronym or initialism in square brackets after
it. For example:
The impact of this program has been dramatic (World Health Organization [WHO]
2011). This is demonstrated by the data emerging from this study (WHO 2011).

The reference list
World Health Organization (WHO) 2011, Health impact assessment—glossary of
terms used, viewed 2 September 2014,
http://www.who.int/hia/about/glos/en/index1.html


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Appendix D: Initialisms and their use.
Initialisms Examples
Initialisms are a series of capital letters made up of the
initial letters of a series of words. Initialisms cannot be
said as a word; for example: USA (initialism for United
States of America) or NLA (initialism for National Library
of Australia)
The first time an initialism is used, give the full name or
phrase followed by the initialism in parentheses. After
that, the initialism may be used in place of the full name
or phrase. Always use the full name or phrase in the
abstract in your assignment.
In academic writing, initialisms are introduced in the same way as acronyms.
An author prominent in-text citation
A draft study of course choices by Department of Education, Employment and
Workplace Relations (DEEWR 2008) revealed that ‘there were no significant
gender differences in the reasons respondents chose to study engineering.’
An information prominent in-text citation
A recent government study (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS] 2013) reported
that …
The reference list
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) 2013, Australian social trends: pregnancy and
work transitions, 2013, cat. no. 4102.0, viewed 18 November 2014,
http://www.abs.gov.au/


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Appendix E: Abbreviations and their use
An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word. Words can be shortened in a number of ways, including omitting parts of the interior of the word,
or cutting off the end of a word. If the end of the word is removed to create an abbreviation, then a full stop is added. If the interior of the word is
removed, leaving the last letter, no full stop is needed. Here are examples.
Abbreviations and explanations of their use in
references
Examples
cat. no.
catalogue number
A catalogue number is used to identify an item in a record.
It is used for tracking purposes.
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) 2013, Australian social trends: pregnancy
and work transitions, 2013, cat. no. 4102.0, viewed 18 November 2014,
http://www.abs.gov.au/
ch.
chapter
In an online book or a Kindle book without page numbers,
look for the chapter heading and use its number if it has
one, or give its title. Also give the paragraph number. If
there are no chapters, use the nearest heading.
In text you will type:
ch. 8, para. 14
c.
circa
From Latin meaning ‘around’ or ‘about’. Used when we
can only approximate the publishing date. This
approximation may be made by looking at the latest entry
in the reference list of the source.
Queensland Education Department c. 1995, Draft policy on school discipline,
Queensland Education Department, Gladstone.
Comp.
Compiler
The person who assembles a training or educational
package is called a compiler.
Use the same format as for an edited book (following) but use (comp.) instead of
(ed.).
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Abbreviations and explanations of their use in
references
Examples
ed. or eds
editor or editors
An editor is a person, or a number of people, who assist
an author to publish. They may select and prepare
material, or organise and manage contributions to a multi-
author book.
Note: when the plural, editors, is abbreviated, the interior
of the word is removed, leaving the last letter, so no full
stop is needed.
You do not use ‘ed.’ in in-text citations.
Crisp, J & Taylor, C (eds) 2005, Potter and Perry’s fundamentals of nursing, 2nd
edn, Mosby Elsevier, Sydney.
edn
edition
When books are revised and issued a second or third time
(or more) publishers show the difference between versions
by indicating the edition. This is necessary as the editions
differ from one another as each version has different
information.
Note: the interior of the word is removed, leaving the last
letter, so no full stop is needed.
Wilson, J 2006, Infection control in clinical practice, 3rd edn, Bailliere Tindall,
Edinburgh.
Journal titles
These may be abbreviated in catalogues when they are
very long and sometimes an initialism is used. It is
recommended that you locate and use the full name of the
journal in your reference list. See also information about
initialisms above.
BMJ or Br Med J
The British Medical Journal
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Abbreviations and explanations of their use in
references
Examples
n.d.
no date
Used when no publication year is found. Look carefully for
publication dates as they can be hard to find on websites.
You may find the date by checking for a copyright link.
Lansdown (n.d., p. 13) found that ‘…’.
Lansdown, M n.d., Bridging courses, Central Queensland University,
Rockhampton.
no. or iss.
issue number
A journal is made up of a number of volumes
Each volume is made up of individual issues
Each issue of a journal is made up of articles
Journal page numbers may be continuous and may not
begin at Page 1 in each new issue, but follow on from the
previous issue. The issue number helps to identify the
exact location of the article.
Sutton-Spence, R & Kaneko, M 2007, ‘Symmetry in sign language poetry’, Sign
Language Studies, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 284–318.
p.
page
One page referred to in a citation
In-text citations require page numbers when directly
quoting or when using statistics graphs, tables or images
from the source. Page numbers should also be used if
referring to specific information on a particular page,
paragraph or chapter when paraphrasing.
… (Priest 2006, p. 4).

According to Unterhalter (2007, p. 5) …
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Abbreviations and explanations of their use in
references
Examples
pp.
multiple pages
Used in the reference list to indicate the page range for the
entire article, not just the pages you cited.
Pages that are in sequence (Warnock 2012, pp. 25–26) …
Watkins, D & Langford, J 2007, ‘A new phase in Australia’s double tax
agreements’, Taxation in Australia, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 30–35.
Pages that are not in sequence (Owens 2009, pp. 1, 4 & 6) …
para.
paragraph
For electronic sources that do not provide page numbers
use the paragraph number instead of the page number in-
text, if paragraphs are numbered.
If neither a page number nor a paragraph number is given
it is acceptable to leave it out, even for a direct quotation,
as most electronic material is searchable, so readers are
able to find the quoted material themselves.
A BP spokesman reported that ‘The new construction includes a containment cap
with a built-in “blow-out preventer”, the device that failed to cut off the oil flow’
(Mann 2010, para. 4).
r. and rr.
regulation or regulations
To aid your reader to locate the specific information you
cited you should give the unit of division.
In the text of your work, you should write:
… the Copyright Regulations, rr. 18–19
If it is at the beginning of the sentence, you should write:
Regulation 18 of the Copyright Regulations (Cwlth) …
s. or ss.
sections in legal documents
To help your reader locate the specific section or
subsection that your information comes from you should
give a pinpoint reference to the relevant section or
subsection.
In the text of your work, you should write:
Civil Proceedings Act 2011 (Qld) s. 7
Unless it is at the beginning of the sentence, for example:
Section 4 of the Casino Control Ordinance 1988 …
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Abbreviations and explanations of their use in
references
Examples
vol. or vols
volume or volumes
Sometimes books are one part of a set or series with each
book in the set or series being labelled a volume.
Journals publish a set number of volumes each year, so
volume numbers are used to identify in which volume an
article appears.
Corsini, RJ (ed.) 1994, Encyclopedia of psychology, 4 vols, J. Wiley & Sons, New
York.
David, A & Simpson, J 2006, The Norton anthology of English literature, vol. 1,
The Middle Ages, WW Norton, New York.


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Appendix F: Latin words and their use as abbreviations
Universities are steeped in history and some of the remnants of the past include Latin words and their abbreviations. Popular abbreviations
such as etc.(e.g. or i.e. should be kept to a minimum in academic writing). Below are examples of Latin words (or their abbreviations), used
inside parentheses when citing in text or in the reference list.
Latin words Example in citation or reference list
et al.
abbreviation for ‘et alia’ meaning ‘and others’
Used for in-text citations when there are more than three
authors. There should always be a full stop after ‘al.’ as it is
an abbreviation.
Do not apply italics to et al.
In-text, list only the first author’s name followed by ‘et al.’
… (Robbins et al. 2001).
The entry in the reference list must show all the authors.
Robbins, SP, Millett, B, Cacioppe, R & Waters-Marsh, T 2001,
Organisational behaviour, 3rd edn, Prentice Hall Australia, Frenchs Forest,
NSW.
sic
means ‘thus’ or ‘so’
Used in a quotation, in italics and in square brackets. It
indicates that the word directly before it is an error that
appeared in the original text that has not been corrected.
This is to preserve the authenticity of the quotation. This error
may be incorrect spelling, punctuation or grammar.
Note: the square brackets are not italicised.
In his report, ‘the building inspector estimated that there [sic] house was a
fire hazard’ (Wilson 2013, p. 32).
circa
means ‘around’ or ‘about’
It is abbreviated to c.
Used when an approximate publishing date is available. This
approximation may be made by looking at the latest entry in
the reference list of the source you are using.
Queensland Education Department c. 1995, Draft policy on school discipline,
Queensland Education Department, Gladstone.
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Appendix G: Basic Citation Styles
Type of Citation Author prominent in-text citation Information prominent in-text
citation
One work by
one author
Walker (2018, p. 5) states . . . . . . (Walker 2018, p. 5).
One work by
two authors
Wan and Flint (2019, p. 10)
state . . .
. . . (Wan & Flint 2019, p. 10).
One work by
three authors
Bent, Ross and Smith (1999, p. 7)
state . . .
. . . (Bent, Ross & Smith 1999,
p. 17).
One work by
four authors
Lightfoot et al. (2019, p. 23) state .
. .
. . . (Lightfoot et al. 2019, p. 23).
Groups as
authors
(identified
through
abbreviation)
First citation
National Institute of Mental Health
(NIMH 2020) states . . .
Subsequent citations
NIMH (2020) . . .
Note. The first citation includes the full name
and the acronym plus the date in
parentheses.
For second and subsequent citations use
the acronym only plus the date in
parentheses.
First citation
. . . (National Institute of Mental
Health [NIMH] 2020).
Subsequent citation
. . . (NIMH 2020).
Note. The first citation includes the full name
and the acronym in square brackets.
For second and subsequent citations use
the acronym only plus the date in
parentheses.
Groups as
authors (no
abbreviation)
Harvard University (2019) . . .
Note. If you have only one in-text citation to
a source in your work, you must use the full
author name with no initials or abbreviations.
(Harvard University 2019).
Note regarding page numbers
When quoting you must include a page number. If there are no page numbers given on a
webpage, provide paragraph number (para. 2) OR relevant heading OR n.p. (no page
number).
When paraphrasing, page numbers are only required when referring to specific information
such as statistics, data, tables or figures. When paraphrasing or summarising text generally,
a page number is not required.
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Check your reference list
Check Key point
The reference list begins on a new page. It should be the last page of your
assignment; however, any appendices go after the reference list.
Margins are set to least 2.54 cm top and bottom and left and right.
Font style and size is same as for the rest of the assignment: usually Times New
Roman 12 or Arial 11.
Line spacing in the reference list is single even though the assignment is 1.5.
The title References is bold, left aligned, and has the same font style and size
as the document.
The reference list is aligned with the left margin.
No enter between each reference, set paragraph spacing to 0 pt Before and 12
pt After.
Numbers, letters and bullet points are not used to indicate new citations.
The reference list is arranged in alphabetical order according to the author’s
family name (surname). The family name must be written in full and initials used
to represent given names.
References by the same author in different years should be ordered by year.
Place the oldest work first.
References by the same author that have been published in the same year are
listed alphabetically according to the title of the book/article and a lower-case
letter is added to the date, in both the reference list and in-text citations; for
example: Education Queensland 2007a, Education Queensland 2007b,
Education Queensland 2007c.
If there is no author or authoring body, the reference is listed alphabetically
according to the title of the article itself. If a source is authored by an
organisation rather than an individual, it is listed alphabetically according to the
organisation’s name. For example: CSIRO or Education Queensland.
All URLs should be underlined and black font. Most word processing packages
will automatically underline a URL.
URLs will fit in a line in their own way; do not use an enter or a space to push
the URL to a new line. Long URLs can be shortened to give the home page URL
but only if there is a search function available on the website.
Any reference that starts with a number precedes the alphabetical listing and is
listed numerically; for example, 3D Networks 2007, … will appear before
Anderson, J 2013, …
Every in-text reference must appear in the reference list, and every item in the
reference list has to be mentioned at least once in the assignment. Additionally,
the citations that appear in the assignment itself must have the same spelling
and dates as the ones in the reference list.
Index
Abbreviations........................................ 66
Academic Integrity
How will they know I have
plagiarised? ..................................... 26
Steps for avoiding plagiarism ............. 27
Citation Styles
One or more authors..................... 37, 72
Conference papers ............................... 43
Online .................................................. 43
Published proceedings in print ........... 43
Published proceedings online ............ 43
E-Books ................................................. 35
ACQUIRE or Library Search or on
Discover It! ................................. 35, 36
E-book chapter available on the Web 35
Kindle and Adobe Digital Edition ........ 36
On the WWW ...................................... 35
Government documents ...................... 46
Australian Bureau of Statistics ........... 46
Fact sheet ........................................... 47
Hansard............................................... 46
Media releases ................................... 46
Report ................................................. 46
Website ............................................... 46
Government or legal documents as
hard copies............................................ 47
Codes of practice (per work health
and safety regulators)...................... 48
Legislation ........................................... 47
Legislation and regulations ................. 48
OHS Body of Knowledge .................... 49
Patents ................................................ 48
Standards Australia ............................ 48
Hard copy books .................................. 28
Approximate date................................ 33
Book chapter in CQUniversity CRO ... 34
Chapter in an edited work................... 34
Edited work ......................................... 34
Editions ............................................... 33
Four or more authors .......................... 29
Multiple works same author, same
year .................................................. 30
No author ............................................ 31
No author but an authoring body ........ 31
No date can be established ................ 32
One author .......................................... 28
One issue or volume in an edited
series ............................................... 34
One volume of multi-volume work ...... 34
Published learning package with
various sources ............................... 34
Referring to two primary sources
within the one secondary source .... 32
Second or later edition and no author 33
Several sources .................................. 33
Source within a source ....................... 32
Three authors ..................................... 28
Two authors ........................................ 28
Works by different authors with the
same family name ........................... 30
Works by different authors with the
same family name and same year .. 31
Hard copy books
Multiple works same author,
published in different years ............. 29
Hard copy journal articles ................... 37
Article reproduced in a university
module or readings ......................... 37
Magazine ............................................ 38
No author ............................................ 37
No volume or issue number ............... 37
One or more authors .......................... 37
Hardcopy newspaper articles ............. 40
Book review ........................................ 40
With an author .................................... 40
Without an author ............................... 40
Key terms .............................................. 61
Latin words ........................................... 71
Law cases.............................................. 50
Coroner’s report.................................. 50
Law cases ........................................... 50
Multimedia on the web......................... 54
eStores ............................................... 54
Podcast or vodcast ............................. 54
Online newspaper articles .................. 40
With an author via WWW ................... 40
Without an author via a database ...... 41
Online or electronic journals .............. 38
From a database or from Discover It! 38
From CQUniversity’s CRO ................. 39
From WWW ........................................ 39
Thesis or dissertation ......................... 39
Other documents on the World Wide
Web (WWW) .......................................... 44
Document ........................................... 44
Document with no author ................... 45
Document with no date....................... 44
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Primary source.................................... 44
Radio transcript................................... 45
Stand-alone documents...................... 44
Standards............................................ 45
Television transcript ............................ 45
Reports .................................................. 41
Government, with author .................... 42
Online Government, with corporate
author............................................... 42
Online with author ............................... 41
Online with corporate author .............. 42
Printed copy ........................................ 41
Specialised sources ............................. 55
Artistic work – painting etc.................. 55
Atlas with editor .................................. 59
Atlas without editor ............................. 59
Blog ..................................................... 58
Brochure or pamphlet ......................... 55
Creative work - mulitmedia ................. 55
Dictionary online ................................. 60
Dictionary with author ......................... 60
Dictionary without author .................... 60
DVD..................................................... 55
Encyclopaedia with author or editor ... 59
Encyclopaedia—on WWW or
database .......................................... 59
Facebook ............................................ 57
Film or movie ...................................... 55
How to reference an App .................... 60
Map ..................................................... 59
Musical score ...................................... 56
Personal communication .................... 59
Photograph with creator’s name......... 56
Photograph without creator’s name ... 56
Radio interview ................................... 58
Software packages ............................. 56
Song lyric ............................................ 56
Tables and figures .............................. 60
Television............................................ 55
Television advertisement.................... 55
Twitter ................................................. 58
Wiki ..................................................... 58
YouTube—with creator’s name .......... 57
YouTube—without creator’s name..... 57
Steps for adding sources to the
reference list
Journal article from the Web .............. 21
Referencing a website ........................ 23
Referencing books.............................. 20
Referencing journal articles and
periodicals ....................................... 21
Referencing law cases ....................... 22
Rules about authors’ names .............. 24
Rules for adding citations to the
reference list .................................... 24
Rules for using capitalisation ............. 25
Using URL references ........................ 23
University-provided electronic and
multimedia study materials................. 51
Discussion board post on Moodle ...... 52
Echo360 presentation ........................ 52
Source in study guide ......................... 52
Study Guide author unknown ............. 52
Study Guide/workbook with author .... 52
Unit notes in PowerPoint on Moodle .. 52
Unit notes on Moodle ......................... 51
Video on Moodle................................. 52
University-provided study materials
as hard copies ...................................... 51
Lecture material—non-print................ 51
Lecture notes unpublished ................. 51