ECMT2150-无代写
时间:2023-09-14
ECMT2150 INTERMEDIATE ECONOMETRICS
Week 1 Tutorial
Review of Probability and Statistics
Question 1:
Express the following in summation notation:
a. " + $ + % + & + '
b. " + 2$ + 3% + 4& + 5'
c. "$ + "$ + $$ + $$ + %$ + %$ + ⋯+ &$ + &$
Question 2:
Define the average (or mean) as = "/ 0/01" . Show that:
a. (0 − ) = 0/01"
b. (0/01" − )0 = (0 − )$/01"
Question 3: (Wooldridge Appendix A Q. 10):
Suppose that in a particular state a standardized test is given to all graduating high
school students. Let score denote a student’s score on the test. Someone discovers
that performance on the test is related to the size of the student’s graduating high
school class. The relationship is quadratic:
= 46.5 + 0.082 ∗ − 0.000147
$
a. How do you literally interpret the value 45.6 in the equation? By itself, is it of
much interest? Explain.
b. From the equation, what is the optimal size of the graduating class (i.e. the class
size that maximizes the test score)? (Round your answer to the nearest integer.)
What is the highest achievable test score?
c. Sketch a graph that illustrates your solutions in part b.
d. Does it seem likely that score and class have a deterministic relationship? That
is, is it realistic to think that once you know the size of a student’s graduating
class you know, with certainty, his or her test score? Explain.
Question 4 (Wooldridge Appendix B Question 4):
For a randomly selected local labour market area in Australia, let X represent the
proportion of adults over age 65 who are employed, i.e. the mature age employment
rate. The X is restricted to a value between zero and one. Suppose the cumulative
distribution function for X is given by: = 3$ − 2% for all 0 ≤ ≤ 1. Find the
probability that the mature-age employment rate is at least 0.6 (60%).
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Question 5: (Wooldridge Appendix C Question 1):
Let ",$,% and &
be independent, identically distributed random variables from a
population with a mean and variance $. Let = "& (" + $ + % + &)
denote the
average of these four random variables.
a. What is the expected value and variance of in terms of and variance $?
b. Now consider a different estimator of .
= "K " + "K $ + "& % + "$ &
This is an example of a weighted average of the 0. Show that W is also a
weighted average of .
Find the variance of W.
c. Based on the above, which estimator of do you prefer, or W?
Question 6:
The following table gives the joint probability density function P(X = x,Y = y) = f (x, y) of
two random variables X and Y :
Y
0
X
1
2
10 0.05 0.3 0.1
20 0.1 0.25 0.2
a. Evaluate the marginal distributions of X and Y, fX(x) and fY(y).
b. Evaluate E(X) and E(Y).
c. Find the conditional distribution f (X = x|Y = 10) and its mean.
d. Compare E(X) and E(X|Y=10). Are the conditional and unconditional
expectations the same? If no, why are they different?
e. Explain whether or not X and Y are statistically independent.
Question 7:
Let Xi be the random variable which represents the return from a stock i. There are 4
stocks with the mean and variance structure which can summarised as follows:
X1
∼ (1, 2), X2 ∼ (1, 2),
X3 ∼ (2, 0), X4 ∼ (2, 4).
It is also known that
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Cov(X1, X2) = 1, Cov(X1, X4) = −1, Cov(X2, X4) = −1.
Note that the mean and variance represent the mean return and risk involved with a
stock. For example, the stock X3 gives a return of 2 without any risk.
Two portfolios are formed from these stocks:
A = X1 + X2 + X3, B = X1 + X2 + X4.
Determine which portfolio you would prefer to hold.
Question 8:
There are three types of data: cross sectional, time series, and panel data. For
the following studies, what type of data is more appropriate.
(a) Analyzing the behavior of unemployment rates across U.S. states in March
of 2013.
(b) Studying inflation in the United States from 1970 to 2013.
(c) Analyzing the effect of minimum wage changes on teenage employment
across the 48 contiguous U.S. states from 1980 to 2013.