Alternative coverage
by ethnic media
JOUB01
Covering Immigration and Transnational Issues
Week 10
Next two weeks
• Alternative coverage by ethnic media
• Alternative coverage by citizens
Immigration and transnational issues…
Immigration issues
• Administration/processing
• Crime/terror
• Cultural practices/life
• Economy/business
• Education
• Employment
• Health
• Foreign relations (bilateral relations)
• Policy (e.g., immigration/refugee
law/regulation)
• Race/racism
• Religion
• Settlement services/organizations/programs
Transnational issues
UN’s areas of ‘global issues
https://www.un.org/en/global-issues
• Ethnic media are…
media produced by and for
(a) immigrants
(b) ethnic, racial, and linguistic minorities
(c) indigenous groups
Source: Matsaganis, M. D., Katz, V. S., & Ball-Rokeach, S. J. (2011). Chapter 1. What are ethnic media? In
Understanding ethnic media: Producers, consumers, and societies (pp. 3-23). Los Angeles: Sage. P. 10.
Ethnic programming is “one, in any language, that is
specifically directed to any culturally or racially
distinct group other than one that is Aboriginal
Canadian or from France or the British Isles”
(CRTC, Public Notice CRTC 1999-117, Ethnic Broadcasting Policy)
Ethnicity
“Ethnicity is a category we construct
in the process of our everyday
interaction with other people, to
identify with or differentiate
ourselves from others we perceive as
having a common culture, history,
language, and religion.”
Race
“Race is an artificial category
ascribed to people based, primarily,
on genetically determined features,
such as skin color and facial
characteristics.”
Source: Matsaganis, M. D., Katz, V. S., & Ball-Rokeach, S. J. (2011). Chapter 1. What are ethnic media? In
Understanding ethnic media: Producers, consumers, and societies (pp. 3-23). Los Angeles: Sage.
Culture
“a set of traditions, customs, norms,
beliefs, and values shared among
members of a society.”
Mainstream vs. Ethnic Media
• Mainstream?
- “part of society within which ethnic and racial origins have at
most minor impacts on [an individual’s] life chances or
opportunities” (Alba and Nee, 2003, p. 12)
- In the U.S., “individuals with European heritage” (p. 10)
• Mainstream media?
- Media for individuals with European heritage?
Source: Matsaganis, M. D., Katz, V. S., & Ball-Rokeach, S. J. (2011). Understanding ethnic media: Producers,
consumers, and societies. Los Angeles: Sage.
What roles ethnic media play?
• Ethnic media as source of local information
• Ethnic media as mobilizing forces
• Ethnic media as indicators of social change
• Ethnic media as market
→Internally, belonging, shared consciousness
→Externally, representation, voice
Source: Matsaganis, M. D., Katz, V. S., & Ball-Rokeach, S. J. (2011). Chapter 1. What are ethnic media? In
Understanding ethnic media: Producers, consumers, and societies (pp. 3-23). Los Angeles: Sage.
What roles ethnic media play?
Inward
(Bonding/insular)
Outward
(Bridging/integra
tive)
“Constructing buffers”
React to media
negativity/invisibility by
offering a minority
perspective, including
access to local and
homeland information
“Crossing borders”
Counteract social injustice
(prejudice, discrimination)
by advocating for positive
changes and leveling the
playing field
“Creating bonds”
Focus on celebrating both
personal and community
accomplishments to foster
community cohesion and
culture pride
“Building bridges”
Utilize positive images of
minority success for
bolstering minority civic
participation in an
inclusive society
Reactive
(defensive)
Proactive
(affirmative)
Source: Fleras, A. (2011). Chapter 14. Ethnic media: “Empowering the people.” In Media gaze: Representations of
diversities (pp. 229-249). Vancouver: UBC Press, p. 247.
Oh & Zhou’s analysis of SARS in
Toronto Star and World Journal
1) What is studied;
2) How many sample
articles from which
media outlets;
3) Which news
databases are used to
sample articles;
4) What is analyzed;
5) How are frames
developed;
6) Who coded
1) How SARS is framed in ethnic
and mainstream newspapers;
2) 735 stories from the Toronto
Star and 1,741 stories from the
World Journal;
3) LexisNexis (TS), Toronto
Reference Library (WJ);
4) Frames and the degree of
occurrence;
5) Five frames developed by five
frames identified by Semetko
and Valkenburg (2000) and
Beaudoin (2007: Conflict,
responsibility, economic
consequences, morality, human
interest, and severity
6) Human coding
Source: Oh, D. C., & Zhou, W. (2012). Framing SARS: A case study in Toronto of a mainstream newspaper and a Chinese
ethnic newspaper. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 20(5), 261-273.
Oh & Zhou’s Results? -- Frames
• When ‘responsibility frame’ is used, TS blamed Canadian government mostly when
WJ blamed China or Chinese Canadians mostly, contrary to what is usually
expected.
• Contributing factors may be TS’s cultural sensitivity and WJ’s lack of resources and
dependency on home country media.
Source: Oh, D. C., & Zhou, W. (2012). Framing SARS: A case study in Toronto of a mainstream newspaper and a Chinese
ethnic newspaper. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 20(5), 261-273.
Research paper #2
Due 11/29
20% of the grade
Research Paper #2
• Refer to Quercus >> Assignments >> Paper #2
(updated) for details
Research Paper #2 – Bonus 1%
Example: Source occupation by frame
Count of MediaOutletName Column Labels
Globe & Mail Globe &
Mail
Total
New York Times New York
Times
Total
Grand
Total
Row Labels Elected
and
party
officials:
mainstre
am left
Pro-
immigra
tion
associati
ons and
far left
parties
Unaffiliate
d
individuals
:
authorized
immigrant
s/citizens
Unaffiliated
individuals:
unauthorized
immigrants
Anti-
immigratio
n
association
s and far
right
parties
Elected
and party
officials:
mainstrea
m right
Other
experts
Police, judges, and civil
servants
Cause pull factors 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 63% 0% 0% 0% 17% 8%
Cause push factors 31% 0% 0% 0% 17% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 8%
Cause system (anti-immigration) 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% 0% 17% 8%
Cause system (pro- immigration) 69% 0% 80% 100% 67% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 33%
Problems for authorities 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% 0% 83% 50% 25%
Problems for society 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 38% 0% 0% 17% 17% 8%
Solution reform system 0% 100% 20% 0% 17% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 8%
Grand Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Research Paper #2 – Tips
• Use course readings fully. No need to use external sources.
• Use a minimum of 4 weekly readings.
• Proper in-text citation of references: e.g., Entman, 1993, p. xx
• Thorough editing: Coherent flow, typos, grammar, etc.
• Stylistic guideline: Follow APA style guideline and must be
typed, double-spaced, paginated, left-aligned, and use Times
New Roman 12 pt. font.
• Penalty for not meeting the page limit (5 pages).
Roundtable
• In the first half of class, we will have a chance to
discuss your findings from Research Paper #2 and
your overall experience as a researcher.
• This is NOT a formal presentation, but a casual
discussion. The instructor will moderate the
discussion with a few key questions from the
paper.
Next week
• Alternative coverage by citizens
• Robinson, S., & DeShano, C. (2011). ‘Anyone can know’: Citizen
journalism and the interpretive community of the mainstream
press. Journalism, 12(8), 963-982.
• Chouliaraki, L. (2013). Re-mediation, inter-mediation, trans-
mediation. Journalism Studies, 14(2), 267-283.
• Guest lecture by Toronto Star’s Nicholas Keung