Anthropogenic climate change has been the crux of geopolitics in recent years, with the UK becoming the first major economy to ratify statutory targets of net zero emissions by 2050 (BEIS, 2019). Energy supply is the second largest contributor to carbon dioxide emissions in the country (>98 MtCOz in 2018), behind the transport sector, thus climate change mitigation efforts have been largely concentrated towards the energy industry (BEIS, 2018; IEA, 2013).

The Electricity Market Reform has been a pivotal policy mechanism in the UK, facilitating decarbonisation by supporting the development of renewable generation, nurturing niche innovations towards economic viability (BEIS, 2015).

Over the last decade, renewable energy penetration in the electricity generation portfolio has risen from 2% to 31% (figure 1.1), virtually displacing coal (REF, 2020). In fact, the third

quarter of 2019 saw, for the first time, more electricity generated by renewable energy sources

that fossil fuels (Ali, 2019). Whilst continuing this energy transition is essential to uphold climate targets, it has resulted in a progressively complex energy system (Panahian, et al.,

2017). The intermittency of renewable energy sources has resulted in the convoluted task of balancing a stochastic supply of electricity with an inelastic and volatile demand (Maciejowska, et al., 2019).