Dr. Abdul Malik Khan ASSIGNMENT-2 Specifications and Discussion: LAN, WLAN & WAN Design • Network Hardware • Network Software • Network Planning & Design Reference: “Local Area Network Management, Design and Security: a Practical Approach” by A. Mikalsen and P. Borgesen, John Wiley and Sons, 2002. Link: http://library.monash.edu.au/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=1850098 www.monash.edu 2 Network Hardware • Network services • DHCP, DNS, Apps Servers • Internetworking devices: • Layer-2 Switches • Layer-2 Wireless Access Points • Layer-3 Building Routers • Network Gateways • Network Interface Cards • Connectors • Transmission Media Cables: – Structured Horizontal Cabling (Floor Cabling) – Structured Vertical Cabling (Within Building) – Structured WAN Cabling www.monash.edu 3 Hubs(obsolete) or Switches? • Provide an easy way to connect network cables. • Physically, the network is setup as a star. • Reasonably easy to install. • Hubs usually act as repeaters (amplifiers + retiming). • Switch offers advantages: – Each device may be allocated dedicated capacity. – Useful for supporting a large number of connected stations. – Allows network management and intelligent path selection. – Have become more affordable. www.monash.edu 4 Server Servers • Small organizations can use a normal PC as a server. • Large organizations usually use computers built as servers -- very powerful and can be specialized. • A LAN generally has many servers (Services). • The server runs on some network operating system. • Type of server(services): – Print – File – Database – Mail – Web etc. – DHCP services – DNS services – Print Services – Authentication Servers – Email Services – Security services www.monash.edu 5 Network Cable Planning • It used to be common practice to install a network cable wherever it was convenient. • Now it is critical to plan for effective installation. • Most buildings under construction have a separate LAN cable plan as they do for telephone cables. • Structured horizontal cabling • Structured vertical cabling • Structured Backbone cabling www.monash.edu 6 Software LAN Host Operating Systems: • Peer- to- peer connection • Server based connection • Example: Windows Server, Novell Netware, Unix/Linux/BSD/Solaris etc. Network Application software – requires network: • Email, Web, FTP, SAP, SSH etc. • Client server application, e.g., database with Web interface • Groupware, SAN’s, VM’s, etc.. www.monash.edu 7 Network Interconnections Two similar LANs or LAN segments can be connected using a: 1. Switch - operates at the data link layer Two dissimilar LANs or LAN segments can be connected using a: 1. Router - operates at the network layer 2. Gateway - operates at the network layer www.monash.edu 8 Reasons for having multiple LANs • Each part of the organization may need to implement different LANs. • An organization is often geographically spread over several buildings separated by considerable distance. • Spreading the load across the network is important. • Isolating traffic within necessary areas only. • Reliability planning is important – the failures in one LAN segment should not impact everyone. • Security planning is important - parts of the network should have provisions to be isolated. www.monash.edu 9 LAN Design and Planning • The basic process involves four steps that are performed iteratively: 1. Determining and quantifying current work load. 2. Estimation and quantifying future load for LAN segments and interconnections. 3. Design & planning new LAN-segment and interconnections; upgrade existing system. 4. Installation of infrastructure and components. • New LAN design begins from Step 2, but usually involves some measurement of other sites to establish expected needs. www.monash.edu 10 Step 1- Current Load Analysis • Done by monitoring an existing system. • The goal is to determine resource demand by applications and users, and processing demand for all servers. • Must review the list of applications that currently use the network to determine the traffic mix. • Today, much network traffic is produced by – Web, email, FTP,… especially SPAM – and Internet services – Groupware business processes – Multimedia e.g., video-conferencing • Must assess the number and type of users • Determine peak (busy) hours and traffic loads • Network monitoring tools are useful; many open source and proprietary choices www.monash.edu 11 Step 2 - Estimation of future loads • Users identify the services they want to implement during a planning cycle. • Users identify volume ranges for the services they are requesting. • Network requirements should be organized into mandatory, desirable, or wish list requirements. • Assess the relative amount of traffic generated in each segment, based on some rough assessment of the relative magnitude of network needs. • An aggregate resource demand is calculated. • The aggregate results have to be extended by: – Overhead – Contingency workload reserves www.monash.edu 12 Step 3 - Design & planning of LAN components • From the study of the previous steps, categorize the clients, servers and devices as typical or high volume. – Typical users are allocated the base level client computers, as are servers supporting typical applications. – High volume users and servers are assigned more powerful computers. • In designing LANs, practical channel utilization limits are considered: – Fast Ethernet - up to 95% utilization – Gigabit Ethernet - up to 95% utilization www.monash.edu 13 Step 3 - Design & planning of LAN components • There are two interrelated decisions in designing network circuits and devices: 1. the fundamental technology and protocols 2. the capacity of each circuit • Designing for circuit capacity means capacity planning, estimating the size and type of the standard and advanced network circuits for each type of network. • Assessment based on current and future loads. • Although no organization wants to oversize its network and pay for more capacity than it needs, in most cases, going back and upgrading a network significantly increases costs, in equipment and downtime. www.monash.edu 14 Step 3 - Design & planning of LAN components • The internetworking decision depends on: – The location of the LAN segments and processing entities – Level of distributed processing – Traffic concentration • The LAN designer faces these alternatives – Centralized processing and support of a few LAN sites. – In most cases, private networks are used. – Distributed processing and support of fewer LAN sites. – Local LANs are linked to a site backbone and then to network backbones. www.monash.edu 15 Step 3 - Design & planning of LAN components • Design includes the wiring concentrators and wiring connections to NICs (network interface cards) in server and client stations. • First, a logical network design is prepared, then it is mapped into a physical network design. Image source: http://www.more.net/technical/netserv/diagrams/documenting/ www.monash.edu 16 Step 3 - Design & planning of LAN components • Network modeling and design tools can perform a number of functions to help the design process: – Using data on expected network traffic, we can run simulations to see if the network can cope. – Simulation results will show the estimated response times and throughput. – The use of design tools can also help in revising the existing network design. Image source: http://www.opnet.com/solutions/network_planning_operations/itguru_net_planner.html www.monash.edu 17 • The purpose of cost assessment is to assess the costs of various network alternatives produced from the previous step. • Some of the costs to consider are: 1. Circuit costs 2. Internetworking devices 3. Hardware costs 4. Software costs 5. Network management costs 6. Test and maintenance costs Step 3 - Design & planning of LAN components For Assignment – ignore costs www.monash.edu 18 Step 4 - Implementation The following activities are involved in this case: 1. RFP (Request for Proposal) > While some network components can be purchased off-the-shelf, most organizations will use the RFP process. > Vendor proposals are evaluated, and the winner(s) is selected. 2. Conversion planning > Current network (if any) should be operational until the new one has been thoroughly tested and proven. 3. Contingency plan for restoring services in case of failures > to deal with ways for temporarily reconfiguring the network to allow for continued operation while conducting repairs 4. Recovery plan > defines methods to restore either a single component of the network or the entire network to operational status > should take into account that system failure may result from device malfunction, natural disasters, fires, sabotage etc. www.monash.edu 19 Fast Ethernet Designations Designation Description 100Base-FX 100 Mbps baseband Ethernet over two multimode optical fibers. 100Base-T 100 Mbps baseband Ethernet over twisted pair cable. 100Base-T2 100 Mbps baseband Ethernet over two pairs of Category 3 or higher unshielded twisted pair cable. 100Base-T4 100 Mbps baseband Ethernet over four pairs of Category 3 or higher unshielded twisted pair cable. 100Base-TX 100 Mbps baseband Ethernet over two pairs of shielded twisted pair or Category 4 twisted pair cable. 100Base-X A generic name for 100 Mbps Ethernet systems. www.monash.edu 20 Gigabit Ethernet Designations Designation Description 1000Base-CX 1000 Mbps baseband Ethernet over two pairs of 150 shielded twisted pair cable. 1000Base-LX 1000 Mbps baseband Ethernet over two multimode or single-mode optical fibers using longwave laser optics. 1000Base-SX 1000 Mbps baseband Ethernet over two multimode optical fibers using shortwave laser optics. 1000Base-T 1000 Mbps baseband Ethernet over four pairs of Category 5 unshielded twisted pair cable. 1000Base-X A generic name for 1000 Mbps Ethernet systems. Designation Description 10Gigabit Ethernet Ethernet at 10 billion bits per second over optical fiber. Multimode fiber supports distances up to 300 meters; single mode fiber supports distances up to 40 kilometers. www.monash.edu 21 Assignment WLAN Design • Structured horizontal Cabling – Each floor > Topology > Cabling > Switch location > Cable distance limitation, data rates • Structures Vertical Cabling – Switch for each floor – Backbone Cabling – Router or Layer-3 switch Note: Lift & Services wells area is the space used for Lift service, Wells used for running vertical network cables between floors. www.monash.edu 22 Assignment WLAN Design • Building to Building Link design – Examine the anticipated traffic profile for all the two new buildings – Estimate peak volume of data in the new building. www.monash.edu 23 Structured Horizontal Cabling Sample Desktop Floor plan Note: Lift & Services wells area is the space used for Lift service, Wells used for running vertical network cables between floors. 8/20/2022Satellite Communications 24 8/20/2022Satellite Communications 25
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