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心理学代写-PSYC2307
时间：2022-08-18
PSYC2307 Human Neuropsychology I (Dr. Tansley)
EXAMPLE MIDTERM TAKE-HOME EXAMINATION
You will have 36 hours to complete and submit the exam. It will be emailed to you at 8 am on the
date specified in the Course's Brightspace page. Be sure to carefully read and follow the
instructions below.
Instructions
The nominal format for this exam is "Short Answer", which means a paragraph or two (max.) of English,
substantially free of errors of spelling and grammar, that answers the question. You may use point form format
to answer a question where (Point form OK) is indicated beside the question number.
You may answer as many questions as you wish. Each answer will be awarded up to 10 points. The
maximum score you can earn on this assignment is 200 points. Marking stops once you earn 200 points or
when we run out of answers to mark. As it is rare to reach 200 points by answering only 20 questions it is
recommended that you answer more than 20 questions if you are seeking a high mark.
You must complete this exam without collaboration1. Answering fact-dependent questions requires finding,
paraphrasing and citing the written work of others. Craft and edit your answers, converting any sourced
information into your own words. Answers containing plagiarized content (i.e., verbatim content that's been 'cut
and pasted' rather than paraphrased and/or whose sources were not cited) will be awarded 0 points. Instead of
relying on paraphrasing tools (such as QuillBot, Grammarly, etc.) you must paraphrase in your own words
and style.
Referencing Your Information Sources: All information sources you used to craft the answer to a given
question must be referenced (in APA7 format2) at the bottom of the answer page, under the heading Obligatory
Course Resource References plus (optional) 'outside' references.
(Obligatory) Course Resource Reference(s): You must cite at least one relevant source from the course-
supplied materials, such as the live or recorded lectures, voice-annotated Powerpoint slides, ancillary readings
and the two course textbooks. Specific slide numbers and/or textbook page numbers are required in the
reference, along with the persistent link information (URL or doi). Answers missing at least one complete
course-supplied reference will be graded 0.
An example of an APA7 format reference for an information source in the course Brightspace page is:
Tansley, B. (2021). PSYC2307 Topic 3: Neural Development and Neuroplasticity Voice-annotated Powerpoint,
Slides 7-20. Retrieved (February, 18, 2022), from
https://brightspace.carleton.ca/d2l/le/content/27078/Home?itemIdentifier=D2L.LE.Content.ContentObject.Mod
uleCO-1600936.
(Optional) "Outside" Reference(s): If you also accessed information sources other than the course-supplied
materials these may be cited after the obligatory reference(s).
1 You may email Dr. Tansley at any time with a question related to this assignment.
2 Purdue University's Online Writing Lab includes a section on APA style (see
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_style_introduction.html)
For example: Pesaran B, Nelson MJ, Andersen RA (July 2006). Dorsal premotor neurons encode the relative
position of the hand, eye, and goal during reach planning Neuron 51
(1):12534. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.05.025. PMC 3066049. PMID 16815337
Velis et Remis
CHECKLIST
This initialed checklist must be included as the first page of your Exam: Put your initials (not a
checkmark, not a ''yes") in the blank space beside each item in this checklist to attest that you have read and
followed the instructions in that item. Once received, Dr. Tansley will briefly review your exam for formatting
and checklist errors. When your exam is accepted you will be sent an email from Dr. Tansley with the words
Received. Thank you. Do not assume your exam has been received unless you are sent this email.
Name:_______________________ STUDENT #: _________________
_____ I have completed this assignment on my own, without assistance.
_____ My assignment has been written in 12 point Arial font.
_____ MY Last Name, Student #, Course # and Section are in the header of every page.
_____The answer to each chosen question has been placed on its own, separate, page, which
includes the following 4 items:
1. The exam question number (same as the one on this exam) followed by
2. The question (copied verbatim), followed by
3. Your answer (single spaced), followed by
4. The References you sourced to craft the answer, starting with at least one obligatory
course resource (e.g., Lecture notes or recorded lecture(s), Voice-annotated Powerpoint
Decks (Topic(s) and slide#(s)), ancillary readings from the Brightspace course page (in
APA format), and the two course textbooks). If, in addition, any non-course references
were used they must also be cited in APA7 format (see Referencing Your Information
Sources on the instruction page, above).
_____ I have assembled my assignment answer pages in ascending numerical order by
their exam question #s and saved the file in pdf format whose filename is
MYLASTNAME2307(Section)Midterm (for example, JONES2307BMidterm).
_____ I have included _________ (up to 6) optional one-page research paper summaries
(no two of which have come from the same Topic). These have been placed as the last
pages in this assignment (one summary to a page, with the full reference at the bottom.)
_____I have attached the exam file (in pdf format)3 to an email message sent to
brian.tansley@carleton.ca no later than 8 pm, July 25, 2022, using my confirmed
Carleton University cmail address. Do NOT use OneDrive.
_____I put my LASTNAME2307Midterm in the email header. (e.g. JONES2307Midterm)
Note: Correct question numbering, file naming and formatting are necessary to ensure
that all parts of your exam will be correctly graded.
3 If you don't have access to Adobe Acrobat editing software, complete the assignment in MSWord and save the file. Then,
open it and convert the file to pdf format. To do this in MSWord, save a copy using SAVE AS, selecting pdf as your format.
Example Questions (Note that each question/answer/references are to be put on their own
separate page):
1. Name the 3 cortical regions that are typically last to fully myelinate and briefly describe
the functions of each region. (3 points for each name + description; 10 points for all 3)
(Obligatory) Course Reference(s):
(Optional) Ancillary Reference(s):
2. (Point form OK) Compare and contrast neurotransmitters and hormones. (1 point each
to 10 points)
(Obligatory) Course Reference(s):
(Optional) Ancillary Reference(s):
3. Distinguish between a clinical neuropsychologist and a clinical psychologist in terms of
(a) their work environment (including their typical colleagues in the health care
environment), (b) their training and the (c) types of problems each deals with on a day-
to-day basis. (3 points each; 10 points for all three)
(Obligatory) Course Reference(s):
(Optional) Ancillary Reference(s):
4. This mid-coronal whole-brain section (aka "slice") reveals a thin, highly convoluted
grayish-pink band at its perimeter (i.e., the cortex), surrounded by a lighter interior region
(the corona radiata, corpus callosum, etc.). Briefly explain the differences in the colour of
these tissues.
(Obligatory) Course Reference(s):
(Optional) Ancillary Reference(s):
5. Compare and contrast the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system: one
responsible for interaction with the environment via the body’s musculature and one
responsible for interaction with the body's internal environment, respectively. (5 points
each)
(Obligatory) Course Reference(s):
(Optional) Ancillary Reference(s):
6. (Point form OK) Compare and Contrast Action Potentials, Excitatory Post Synaptic
Potentials (EPSPs) and Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potentials (IPSPs).
(Obligatory) Course Reference(s):
(Optional) Ancillary Reference(s):
7. Describe the ‘columnar’ organization of primary sensory cortex.
(Obligatory) Course Reference(s):
(Optional) Ancillary Reference(s):
8. Why do you think there are so many types of neurotransmitters but only one type of
action potential?
(Obligatory) Course Reference(s):
(Optional) Ancillary Reference(s):
9. List 5 factors that are believed to be responsible for accelerating the differences between
humans and other primates.
(Obligatory) Course Reference(s):
(Optional) Ancillary Reference(s):
10. The release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft is ‘quantal’ – that is, is done in
integer multiples. Explain why.
(Obligatory) Course Reference(s):
(Optional) Ancillary Reference(s):
11. Describe, in temporal order, the 7 steps of neural coding. (1 point each; 10 points for all
7)
(Obligatory) Course Reference(s):
(Optional) Ancillary Reference(s):
12. Name and briefly describe 10 of the most important 19th century-early 20th century
scientific/technical developments that advanced brain/behaviour studies. (1 pt. each up to
10 pts.)
(Obligatory) Course Reference(s):
(Optional) Ancillary Reference(s):
13. Briefly describe the three main functions of the spinal cord (3 points each; 10 points for
all three)
(Obligatory) Course Reference(s):
(Optional) Ancillary Reference(s):
14. Distinguish between the four main types of drug antagonists. Provide an example of an
irreversible antagonist (2 points each).
(Obligatory) Course Reference(s):
(Optional) Ancillary Reference(s):
15. “The relationship between the flow of information between primary and secondary areas
is generally reversed, depending upon whether we are referring to sensory or motor cortex.”
Explain this statement.
(Obligatory) Course Reference(s):
(Optional) Ancillary Reference(s):
16. Why do action potentials only travel along the axon away from the neuron's soma to the
telodendria?
(Obligatory) Course Reference(s):
(Optional) Ancillary Reference(s):
17. (a) How is the blood-brain barrier created and maintained? (b) List the regions in the
brain where the blood-brain barrier is absent. What do they have in common? (5 points
each).
(Obligatory) Course Reference(s):
(Optional) Ancillary Reference(s):
18. When a molecule of neurotransmitter (NT) binds to a receptor embedded in the
postsynaptic membrane one of two possible changes occur to the physiology of the
postsynaptic neuron. Describe these two possible changes and name the most common
neurotransmitter associated with each type of change. (5 points each).
(Obligatory) Course Reference(s):
(Optional) Ancillary Reference(s):
19. The motor component of the autonomic nervous system has two divisions, the
sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system. Briefly describe
their functions and where they project from the spinal cord.
(Obligatory) Course Reference(s):
(Optional) Ancillary Reference(s):
20. Briefly describe the two types of neuronal integration (i.e., the summation of
postsynaptic potentials generated in the dendrites and soma) and explain how each affects
the probability of the creation of an action potential.
(Obligatory) Course Reference(s):
(Optional) Ancillary Reference(s):
Appendix: MARKING RUBRIC
All questions in this exam are tp be written either in “short answer format" or, where
indicated, point form. For short answer format questions top marks are given for
answers that integrate facts and concepts referenced from the course information
sources. To give you some idea of the marking rubric for this type of exam format, the
following shows examples of 3 answers of varying quality to the following question:
Question: Define the terms Motor Unit and Innervation Ratio and describe their
role in the neural control of movement.
• The following answer was awarded 10 points:
A single motor neuron and the muscle fibres with which it synapses are referred to as
a motor unit. The innervation ratio refers to the number of muscle fibers in a motor
unit. Assuming that every motor neuron carries about the same amount of
information per unit time, when that information is distributed within a smaller number
of muscle fibres the motor neuron is able to exert finer control over the muscle’s
action. Therefore, the smaller a motor unit’s innervation ratio, the more precise the
associated movements of the muscle innervated by that motor neuron. For example,
a motor unit innervating the (precise but not powerful) extraocular muscles will have a
low innervation ratio (<10:1), whereas a motor unit innervating the large (powerful but
not precise) leg muscles will have a high innervation ratio (> 1000:1). It follows that
the fine control of muscles involved in precision movements requires a larger
number of motor units which means there will be more cortical volume devoted to
programming and control of those muscles as well. This explains the motor system’s
cortical magnification factor -- as exemplified by the motor homunculus.
What makes this answer worth 10 points is the integration of concepts
throughout the course into the answer. This takes more intellectual effort and
reveals a high degree of mastery of the course material.
• The following answer was awarded 8 points
Skeletal muscles vary in size and are made up of thousands of muscle fibers that are
innervated to produce muscle movement. Smaller muscles in the body that control
fine motor movement have lower innervation ratios, meaning, one motor neuron
innervates a small number of muscle fibers. This is due to the fact that fine motor
movement relies on the accuracy of movement and requires smaller skeletal muscles
that have individual control, for instance, in hand movements. Conversely, larger
muscles in the body have higher innervation ratios, meaning, a large number of
muscle fibers are innervated by a single motor neuron. This is due to the movement
of large skeletal muscles being more vague and not typically requiring much
precision.
A good answer but less integration of concepts throughout the course in the
answer. The answer ‘stays close to home’ in the sense that it is confined to
essentially one lecture. The concepts are all correct.
• The following answer was awarded 6 points:
The more muscles innervated by a single neuron, the less precise control one has
over that muscle. The innervation ratio of fine motor-related muscles, such as the
fingers, is 3:1, whereas the innervation ratio of large motor skill-related muscles such
as a calf can be as high as 2000:1. This illustrates how widely this ratio can vary
depending on the necessity of fine motor control.
An answer without integration of concepts throughout the course. Not all of the
concepts stated are all correct (e.g., motor neurons can innervate more than
one muscle FIBRE but not more than one muscle).
EXAMPLE MIDTERM TAKE-HOME EXAMINATION
You will have 36 hours to complete and submit the exam. It will be emailed to you at 8 am on the
date specified in the Course's Brightspace page. Be sure to carefully read and follow the
instructions below.
Instructions
The nominal format for this exam is "Short Answer", which means a paragraph or two (max.) of English,
substantially free of errors of spelling and grammar, that answers the question. You may use point form format
to answer a question where (Point form OK) is indicated beside the question number.
You may answer as many questions as you wish. Each answer will be awarded up to 10 points. The
maximum score you can earn on this assignment is 200 points. Marking stops once you earn 200 points or
when we run out of answers to mark. As it is rare to reach 200 points by answering only 20 questions it is
recommended that you answer more than 20 questions if you are seeking a high mark.
You must complete this exam without collaboration1. Answering fact-dependent questions requires finding,
paraphrasing and citing the written work of others. Craft and edit your answers, converting any sourced
information into your own words. Answers containing plagiarized content (i.e., verbatim content that's been 'cut
and pasted' rather than paraphrased and/or whose sources were not cited) will be awarded 0 points. Instead of
relying on paraphrasing tools (such as QuillBot, Grammarly, etc.) you must paraphrase in your own words
and style.
Referencing Your Information Sources: All information sources you used to craft the answer to a given
question must be referenced (in APA7 format2) at the bottom of the answer page, under the heading Obligatory
Course Resource References plus (optional) 'outside' references.
(Obligatory) Course Resource Reference(s): You must cite at least one relevant source from the course-
supplied materials, such as the live or recorded lectures, voice-annotated Powerpoint slides, ancillary readings
and the two course textbooks. Specific slide numbers and/or textbook page numbers are required in the
reference, along with the persistent link information (URL or doi). Answers missing at least one complete
course-supplied reference will be graded 0.
An example of an APA7 format reference for an information source in the course Brightspace page is:
Tansley, B. (2021). PSYC2307 Topic 3: Neural Development and Neuroplasticity Voice-annotated Powerpoint,
Slides 7-20. Retrieved (February, 18, 2022), from
https://brightspace.carleton.ca/d2l/le/content/27078/Home?itemIdentifier=D2L.LE.Content.ContentObject.Mod
uleCO-1600936.
(Optional) "Outside" Reference(s): If you also accessed information sources other than the course-supplied
materials these may be cited after the obligatory reference(s).
1 You may email Dr. Tansley at any time with a question related to this assignment.
2 Purdue University's Online Writing Lab includes a section on APA style (see
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_style_introduction.html)
For example: Pesaran B, Nelson MJ, Andersen RA (July 2006). Dorsal premotor neurons encode the relative
position of the hand, eye, and goal during reach planning Neuron 51
(1):12534. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.05.025. PMC 3066049. PMID 16815337
Velis et Remis
CHECKLIST
This initialed checklist must be included as the first page of your Exam: Put your initials (not a
checkmark, not a ''yes") in the blank space beside each item in this checklist to attest that you have read and
followed the instructions in that item. Once received, Dr. Tansley will briefly review your exam for formatting
and checklist errors. When your exam is accepted you will be sent an email from Dr. Tansley with the words
Received. Thank you. Do not assume your exam has been received unless you are sent this email.
Name:_______________________ STUDENT #: _________________
_____ I have completed this assignment on my own, without assistance.
_____ My assignment has been written in 12 point Arial font.
_____ MY Last Name, Student #, Course # and Section are in the header of every page.
_____The answer to each chosen question has been placed on its own, separate, page, which
includes the following 4 items:
1. The exam question number (same as the one on this exam) followed by
2. The question (copied verbatim), followed by
3. Your answer (single spaced), followed by
4. The References you sourced to craft the answer, starting with at least one obligatory
course resource (e.g., Lecture notes or recorded lecture(s), Voice-annotated Powerpoint
Decks (Topic(s) and slide#(s)), ancillary readings from the Brightspace course page (in
APA format), and the two course textbooks). If, in addition, any non-course references
were used they must also be cited in APA7 format (see Referencing Your Information
Sources on the instruction page, above).
_____ I have assembled my assignment answer pages in ascending numerical order by
their exam question #s and saved the file in pdf format whose filename is
MYLASTNAME2307(Section)Midterm (for example, JONES2307BMidterm).
_____ I have included _________ (up to 6) optional one-page research paper summaries
(no two of which have come from the same Topic). These have been placed as the last
pages in this assignment (one summary to a page, with the full reference at the bottom.)
_____I have attached the exam file (in pdf format)3 to an email message sent to
brian.tansley@carleton.ca no later than 8 pm, July 25, 2022, using my confirmed
Carleton University cmail address. Do NOT use OneDrive.
_____I put my LASTNAME2307Midterm in the email header. (e.g. JONES2307Midterm)
Note: Correct question numbering, file naming and formatting are necessary to ensure
that all parts of your exam will be correctly graded.
3 If you don't have access to Adobe Acrobat editing software, complete the assignment in MSWord and save the file. Then,
open it and convert the file to pdf format. To do this in MSWord, save a copy using SAVE AS, selecting pdf as your format.
Example Questions (Note that each question/answer/references are to be put on their own
separate page):
1. Name the 3 cortical regions that are typically last to fully myelinate and briefly describe
the functions of each region. (3 points for each name + description; 10 points for all 3)
(Obligatory) Course Reference(s):
(Optional) Ancillary Reference(s):
2. (Point form OK) Compare and contrast neurotransmitters and hormones. (1 point each
to 10 points)
(Obligatory) Course Reference(s):
(Optional) Ancillary Reference(s):
3. Distinguish between a clinical neuropsychologist and a clinical psychologist in terms of
(a) their work environment (including their typical colleagues in the health care
environment), (b) their training and the (c) types of problems each deals with on a day-
to-day basis. (3 points each; 10 points for all three)
(Obligatory) Course Reference(s):
(Optional) Ancillary Reference(s):
4. This mid-coronal whole-brain section (aka "slice") reveals a thin, highly convoluted
grayish-pink band at its perimeter (i.e., the cortex), surrounded by a lighter interior region
(the corona radiata, corpus callosum, etc.). Briefly explain the differences in the colour of
these tissues.
(Obligatory) Course Reference(s):
(Optional) Ancillary Reference(s):
5. Compare and contrast the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system: one
responsible for interaction with the environment via the body’s musculature and one
responsible for interaction with the body's internal environment, respectively. (5 points
each)
(Obligatory) Course Reference(s):
(Optional) Ancillary Reference(s):
6. (Point form OK) Compare and Contrast Action Potentials, Excitatory Post Synaptic
Potentials (EPSPs) and Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potentials (IPSPs).
(Obligatory) Course Reference(s):
(Optional) Ancillary Reference(s):
7. Describe the ‘columnar’ organization of primary sensory cortex.
(Obligatory) Course Reference(s):
(Optional) Ancillary Reference(s):
8. Why do you think there are so many types of neurotransmitters but only one type of
action potential?
(Obligatory) Course Reference(s):
(Optional) Ancillary Reference(s):
9. List 5 factors that are believed to be responsible for accelerating the differences between
humans and other primates.
(Obligatory) Course Reference(s):
(Optional) Ancillary Reference(s):
10. The release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft is ‘quantal’ – that is, is done in
integer multiples. Explain why.
(Obligatory) Course Reference(s):
(Optional) Ancillary Reference(s):
11. Describe, in temporal order, the 7 steps of neural coding. (1 point each; 10 points for all
7)
(Obligatory) Course Reference(s):
(Optional) Ancillary Reference(s):
12. Name and briefly describe 10 of the most important 19th century-early 20th century
scientific/technical developments that advanced brain/behaviour studies. (1 pt. each up to
10 pts.)
(Obligatory) Course Reference(s):
(Optional) Ancillary Reference(s):
13. Briefly describe the three main functions of the spinal cord (3 points each; 10 points for
all three)
(Obligatory) Course Reference(s):
(Optional) Ancillary Reference(s):
14. Distinguish between the four main types of drug antagonists. Provide an example of an
irreversible antagonist (2 points each).
(Obligatory) Course Reference(s):
(Optional) Ancillary Reference(s):
15. “The relationship between the flow of information between primary and secondary areas
is generally reversed, depending upon whether we are referring to sensory or motor cortex.”
Explain this statement.
(Obligatory) Course Reference(s):
(Optional) Ancillary Reference(s):
16. Why do action potentials only travel along the axon away from the neuron's soma to the
telodendria?
(Obligatory) Course Reference(s):
(Optional) Ancillary Reference(s):
17. (a) How is the blood-brain barrier created and maintained? (b) List the regions in the
brain where the blood-brain barrier is absent. What do they have in common? (5 points
each).
(Obligatory) Course Reference(s):
(Optional) Ancillary Reference(s):
18. When a molecule of neurotransmitter (NT) binds to a receptor embedded in the
postsynaptic membrane one of two possible changes occur to the physiology of the
postsynaptic neuron. Describe these two possible changes and name the most common
neurotransmitter associated with each type of change. (5 points each).
(Obligatory) Course Reference(s):
(Optional) Ancillary Reference(s):
19. The motor component of the autonomic nervous system has two divisions, the
sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system. Briefly describe
their functions and where they project from the spinal cord.
(Obligatory) Course Reference(s):
(Optional) Ancillary Reference(s):
20. Briefly describe the two types of neuronal integration (i.e., the summation of
postsynaptic potentials generated in the dendrites and soma) and explain how each affects
the probability of the creation of an action potential.
(Obligatory) Course Reference(s):
(Optional) Ancillary Reference(s):
Appendix: MARKING RUBRIC
All questions in this exam are tp be written either in “short answer format" or, where
indicated, point form. For short answer format questions top marks are given for
answers that integrate facts and concepts referenced from the course information
sources. To give you some idea of the marking rubric for this type of exam format, the
following shows examples of 3 answers of varying quality to the following question:
Question: Define the terms Motor Unit and Innervation Ratio and describe their
role in the neural control of movement.
• The following answer was awarded 10 points:
A single motor neuron and the muscle fibres with which it synapses are referred to as
a motor unit. The innervation ratio refers to the number of muscle fibers in a motor
unit. Assuming that every motor neuron carries about the same amount of
information per unit time, when that information is distributed within a smaller number
of muscle fibres the motor neuron is able to exert finer control over the muscle’s
action. Therefore, the smaller a motor unit’s innervation ratio, the more precise the
associated movements of the muscle innervated by that motor neuron. For example,
a motor unit innervating the (precise but not powerful) extraocular muscles will have a
low innervation ratio (<10:1), whereas a motor unit innervating the large (powerful but
not precise) leg muscles will have a high innervation ratio (> 1000:1). It follows that
the fine control of muscles involved in precision movements requires a larger
number of motor units which means there will be more cortical volume devoted to
programming and control of those muscles as well. This explains the motor system’s
cortical magnification factor -- as exemplified by the motor homunculus.
What makes this answer worth 10 points is the integration of concepts
throughout the course into the answer. This takes more intellectual effort and
reveals a high degree of mastery of the course material.
• The following answer was awarded 8 points
Skeletal muscles vary in size and are made up of thousands of muscle fibers that are
innervated to produce muscle movement. Smaller muscles in the body that control
fine motor movement have lower innervation ratios, meaning, one motor neuron
innervates a small number of muscle fibers. This is due to the fact that fine motor
movement relies on the accuracy of movement and requires smaller skeletal muscles
that have individual control, for instance, in hand movements. Conversely, larger
muscles in the body have higher innervation ratios, meaning, a large number of
muscle fibers are innervated by a single motor neuron. This is due to the movement
of large skeletal muscles being more vague and not typically requiring much
precision.
A good answer but less integration of concepts throughout the course in the
answer. The answer ‘stays close to home’ in the sense that it is confined to
essentially one lecture. The concepts are all correct.
• The following answer was awarded 6 points:
The more muscles innervated by a single neuron, the less precise control one has
over that muscle. The innervation ratio of fine motor-related muscles, such as the
fingers, is 3:1, whereas the innervation ratio of large motor skill-related muscles such
as a calf can be as high as 2000:1. This illustrates how widely this ratio can vary
depending on the necessity of fine motor control.
An answer without integration of concepts throughout the course. Not all of the
concepts stated are all correct (e.g., motor neurons can innervate more than
one muscle FIBRE but not more than one muscle).
