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ATS 2946 Summer
期末冲刺课 2
TUTOR: Janice
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TUTOR 自我介绍：
1. 毕业院校：Monash University
2. 专业：Bachelor of I.T and Bachelor of Arts
3. Major: Business Information System & Film and Screen Studies; Minor:
Communications and Media Studies
4. 教授科目：ATS2946 & ATS1280 & FILM1001
5. 教学风格：希望能够帮助同学们吸收每个知识点，举一反三
6. 爱好：跳舞、追剧、打王者
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1 .点【参会者】
2 .点【举 ⼿ 】即可与 ⽼ 师实时互动
3 .问题被解答了还可以【 ⼿ 放下】
红圈处输 ⼊ 问题提问
红圈处输 ⼊ 问题提问
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学科特点及学习方法
学科特点：
1. useful in a wide variety of professions 适用范围广
2. logical thinking & critical thinking 逻辑思维与批判性思维
 To ask questions 问问题
 To do some research 做调研
 To explore the truth 探索真相
学习方法
1. Lecture Slides / Reading Materials
 先罗列和浏览知识点
 整理标注出有疑问、没有理解到的概念
2. Lecture Recording
 重点听清预习时不懂的概念
 积极参与 Lecturer 给出的每道题目
3. Tutorial Questions
 整理错题
 培养解题思维与逻辑
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课程目录
1. Sample 题型分析
2. 刷题
3. 易错知识点
4. 做题 Tips
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Sample 题型
Standard form & argument map —— 20 分
1. 答题顺序：先 standard form 再 argument map
2. 如果遇到 sub-argument，先书写 sub-argument 部分，然后再书写其他的 co-dependent premises
3. 注意箭头顺序和 independent / co-dependent premises 的区分
4. 注意提示词
Deductively valid / invalid （ “公式表” ）—— 15 分
1. 一定要注意公式表的顺序 —— “肯定前面，否定后面”
2. 这个部分尽可能的去拿满分
3. 最先做这部分的题目，因为用公式表就可以拿分
Assumptions —— 5 分
1. 三个 rule 的掌握
2. Assumption 也相对比较简单，答案相对灵活
3. 尽可能少失分，可以冲满分
Evaluation Premises —— 10 分
1. 阅读篇幅较长
2. 去找 main claims 并分析
3. 针对文中的 premises 或者作者进行分析，是否权威，是否有立场知道观点的内容等
4. 内容整体不难，但是阅读需要花费大量的时间，建议放在后面做
Sample, population and target property —— 10 分
1. Target property = main conclusion
2. Population > Sample
3. 这部分也是比较简单的，尽量满分拿下！
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Causal argument —— 10 分
1. 因果判断会比较容易出错 —— 主观臆断
2. 判断因果关系可以用同步拓展课的三个知识点
(1) ‘post hoc’ fallacy
(2) coincidence 巧合 / ‘cum hoc’ fallacy
(3) Common cause
3. 对于逻辑梳理能力比较薄弱的同学们，这类题目可以往后放
Complex argument evaluation —— 30 分
1. 复合论证的分析
(1) Main argument / sub-argument
(2) Standard form
(3) Premises evaluation
(4) Evaluation of the whole argument (support & validity & sound)
2. 整个考试中最复杂，也最容易丢分的题目
3. 建议大家把这个题目放在最后
4. 先给出你的答案，再完善你的解释
做题顺序（仅供参考）
优先做题的内容（尽可能满分）：valid form、 sample, population & target property、assumptions
其次（尽可能拿到 70%以上的分数）：standard form & argument map、 evaluation premises、causal argument
最后（尽可能拿到 50%以上的分数）：complex argument
最终成绩：73% +
知识点讲解
考点一：寻找 conclusion & premises
Conclusion
1. 整个 argument / 题目都是围绕什么内容去进行讨论的
2. 是否有针对某一观点 / 内容做出解释 / 举例说明
3. 通过一些“提示词”
(1) Thus
(2) Therefore
(3) Hence
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Premises
1. 内容需要与 conclusion 有直接 / 间接关联
2. 与 conclusion 讨论的是同一事件
例题一：寻找 Main Conclusion
Question 1:
Economist: Some critics of the media have contended that negative news reports on the state of
the economy can actually harm the economy because such reports damage people's confidence in
it, and this lack of confidence in turn adversely affects people's willingness to spend money. But
studies show that spending trends correlate very closely with people's confidence in their own
immediate economic situations. Thus these media critics are mistaken.
答案：These media critics are mistaken / wrong.
解析：
Step 1：寻找提示词 —— thus
Step 2：把文字转换成列点（optional）
1) Some critics of the media have contended that negative news reports on the state of the
economy can actually harm the economy because such reports damage people's confidence in it,
and
2) This lack of confidence in turn adversely affects people's willingness to spend money.
3) But studies show that spending trends correlate very closely with people's confidence in their own
immediate economic situations.
4) Thus these media critics are mistaken.
Step 3：寻找 premises & conclusion
Premises：1 - 3
Conclusion：4
Step 4：分析 premises 逻辑
立场 1：1 & 2 （关于经济状况的负面新闻报道实际上会损害经济）
立场 2：3 （支出趋势与人们对其当前经济状况的信心密切相关）
=》通过连接词“and”，可以知道 1 & 2 属于 co-dependent premises，两个需要一起支持结论。
每个立场的想法是对立的，所以只能是 independent 的关系。
Step 5：书写 standard form
1. Some critics of the media have contended that negative news reports on the state of the
economy can actually harm the economy because such reports damage people’s confidence in it.
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2. This lack of confidence in turn adversely affects people’s willingness to spend money.
3. Studies show that spending trends correlate very closely with people’s confidence in their own
immediate economic situations.
Therefore,
C. These media critics are mistaken.
Step 6： 画 argument map
Evaluation Tips:
Evaluation the truth of premises
1. Premise 3 提出有研究表明，可以去搜索一下是否有相关的文献可以证明这一点（关键点）
2. Premises 1 & 2，同样也是去寻找“负面新闻报道会损害人们信心”这一点
Support
如果我们可以证明 premise 3 是正确的，那么 premises support conclusion。
如果 premise 3 是错误的，premises not support conclusion。
在这个题目中，我们也需要注意一点，如果有其他的文献去证明“人们对经济的信心与负面新闻报道
与其他因素有关”，也是会间接证明 premises 1 & 2 是 false。
Question 2:
Does the position of a car driver's seat have a significant impact on driving safety? It probably does.
Driving position affects both comfort and the ability to see the road clearly. A driver who is
uncomfortable eventually becomes fatigued, which makes it difficult to concentrate on the road.
Likewise, the better the visibility from the driver's seat, the more aware the driver can be of road
conditions and other vehicles.
答案（复述）：The position of a driver’s seat can affect safety. / The position of the driver’s seat
probably has a significant impact on driving safety.
解析：
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Step 1：寻找提示词 —— 无
Step 2：把文字转换成列点（optional）
1) Does the position of a car driver's seat have a significant impact on driving safety?
2) It probably does.
3) Driving position affects both comfort and the ability to see the road clearly.
4) A driver who is uncomfortable eventually becomes fatigued, and
5) Fatigue makes it difficult to concentrate on the road.
6) The better the visibility from the driver's seat, the more aware the driver can be of road conditions
and other vehicles.
Step 3：寻找 premises & conclusion
Premises：3 - 6
Conclusion：1 & 2 =》复述
Step 4：分析 premises 逻辑
立场 1：4 % 5（疲劳）
立场 2：6 （能见度）
Sub-argument：3 （小总结）
=》通过连接词“and”，可以知道 4 & 5 属于 co-dependent premises，两个需要一起支持结论。
每个立场在讨论不同的方面，所以立场之间是 independent。
Step 5：书写 standard form
1. A driver who is uncomfortable eventually becomes fatigued.
2. Fatigue makes it difficult to concentrate on the road.
3. The better the visibility from the driver’s seat, the more aware the driver can be of road conditions
and other vehicles.
Therefore,
4. Driving position affects both comfort and the ability to see the road clearly.
Therefore,
C. The position of a car driver’s seat have a significant impact on driving safety.
Step 6： 画 argument map
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Evaluation Tips:
Evaluation the truth of premises
1. Premise 3：能见度是否和路况有直接联系（能见度越高，路况了解越清晰）
2. Premises 1 & 2：不舒服的座椅是否会导致疲劳
Support
如果前提为真，premises support sub-argument。
Assumption
暂时无法从题目中得知舒适度和疲劳与行车安全有直接联系。同学们可以通过添加 assumption 来将
两者联系起来。
如果题目中不要求同学们书写 assumption，那么整个题目就属于 weak argument / 非演绎论证。
Premises 可以支撑结论，但是无法直接推导出结论。
Reference: Khan Academy
考点二：Argument Evaluation
Sound Argument
A sound argument is one that is not only valid, but begins with premises that are actually true.
Example 1 :
1. In some states, no felons are eligible voters, that is, eligible to vote.
2. In those states, some professional athletes are felons.
Therefore,
C. In some states, some professional athletes are not eligible voters.
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答案：
The argument is both valid and sound.
Example 2:
1. All toasters are items made of gold.
2. All items made of gold are time-travel devices.
Therefore,
C. All toasters are time-travel devices.
答案：
The argument is valid, but not sound. The premises in this argument is not true.
Reference:
https://iep.utm.edu/val-snd/#:~:text=A%20sound%20argument%20is%20one,that%20is%2C%20eligible%20to%20vote.
Validity
If all the premises were true, then the conclusion must be true.
必须要掌握的内容：valid form “公式表”
例题二：Argument Evaluation
Question 3:
Look, think about an acorn---it grows up to be an oak tree, sure, but when it begins it's a nut, not a
tree. Same with people. A fetus grows up to be a human being, but when it begins it's just a clump
of cells and not a person.
答案：invalid / unsound
解析：
非典型的 argument（类比论证），她的题目中没有直接给出具体的 conclusion，需要我们进一步去总
结。
Step 1：把文字转换成列点（optional）。
1) Look, think about an acorn---it grows up to be an oak tree,
2) but when it begins it's a nut, not a tree.
3) Same with people.
4) A fetus grows up to be a human being, but when it begins it's just a clump of cells and not a
person.
Step 2：寻找 premises & conclusion
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Premises： 1 - 4
Conclusion：自己总结；橡树与人体成长过程相似 / 胎儿与人之间的关系类似与橡树与橡子之间的关
系。
Step 3：分析 premises 逻辑
立场 1：1 & 2 （橡子和橡树，从坚果到树）
立场 2：3 & 4 （胎儿和人，从细胞到人）
=》立场内部都是 co-dependent，因为需要两个一起去表达想法/观点；
每个立场之前都是 independent，因为在说不同的事情
Step 4：书写 standard form
1. Look, think about an acorn
2. Acorn grows up to be an oak tree, sure, but when it begins it's a nut, not a tree
3. Same with people.
4. A fetus grows up to be a human being, but when it begins it's just a clump of cells and not a
person.
Therefore,
C.Xxx (需要自己总结)
Step 5：argument map
Evaluation Tips:
Evaluation the truth of premises
1. Premise 3 & 4：胎儿成长为人是否是从细胞到人
2. Premises 1 & 2：橡子和橡树，是否是从坚果到橡子再到橡树
Support
Premises not support conclusion.
暂时无法从题目中得知橡树&橡子与胎儿&人之间有直接关系。题目中没有相关的研究表明，这两者之
间有关联。
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Question 4:
If Idaho votes for Kerry, then Kerry will win the election. Kerry will win the election, so I guess Idaho
will be a blue state!
答案：invalid
解析：
Step 1：提示词 —— so
Step 2：把文字转成列点（optional）
1) If Idaho votes for Kerry, then Kerry will win the election.
2) Kerry will win the election
3) So I guess Idaho will be a blue state!
Step 3：寻找 premises & Conclusion
Premises：1 & 2
Conclusion：3
Step 4：分析 premises 逻辑
只要一个立场，且两个 premises是 co-dependent关系，两者需要同时去支撑结论。
Step 5：书写 standard form
1. If Idaho votes for Kerry, then Kerry will win the election.
2. Kerry will win the election.
Therefore,
C.I guess Idaho will be a blue state!
Step 6：argument map
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Evaluation Tips:
转化成公式表格式
1. If A, then B.
2. B
Therefore,
C.A
=> Invalid form. This is a fallacy with the name “Affirming the consequent”
即使前提为真的情况下，premises not support conclusion。
=》unsound argument.
Question 5:
All pigs eat cheese; Snaggle is a pig; therefore, Snaggle eats cheese.
答案：Valid
解析：
Step 1：提示词 —— therefore
Step 2：把文字转成列点（optional）
1) All pigs eat cheese;
2) Snaggle is a pig;
3) therefore, Snaggle eats cheese.
Step 3：寻找 premises & Conclusion
Premises：1 & 2
Conclusion：3
Step 4：分析 premises 逻辑
只要一个立场，且两个 premises是 co-dependent关系，两者需要同时去支撑结论。
Step 5：书写 standard form
1. All pigs eat cheese;
2. Snaggle is a pig;
Therefore,
C.Snaggle eats cheese.
Step 6：argument map
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Evaluation Tips:
转化成公式表格式
1. All Ps are Qs.
2. X is a P.
Therefore,
C.X is a Q.
=> Valid form —— Universal modus ponens.
Evaluation the truth of premises
1. Premise 1：是否所有的猪都吃奶酪（找反例）。
2. Premise 2：Snaggle 是否是是一头猪。
前提为真的情况下，结论一定为真。
=》sound argument
Question 6:
If the Vikings ever win a Super Bowl, then I'll just drop over dead. But it's obvious that the Vikings
will never win a Super Bowl, so I guess I'll live forever!
答案：invalid
解析：
Step 1：提示词 —— so
Step 2：把文字转成列点（optional）
1) If the Vikings ever win a Super Bowl, then I'll just drop over dead.
2) But it's obvious that the Vikings will never win a Super Bowl
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3) so I guess I'll live forever!
Step 3：寻找 premises & Conclusion
Premises：1 & 2
Conclusion：3
Step 4：分析 premises 逻辑
只要一个立场，且两个 premises是 co-dependent关系，两者需要同时去支撑结论。
Step 5：书写 standard form
1. If the Vikings ever win a Super Bowl, then I'll just drop over dead.
2. It's obvious that the Vikings will never win a Super Bowl.
Therefore,
C.I guess I'll live forever!
Step 6：argument map
Evaluation Tips:
转化成公式表格式
1. If A, then B.
2. Not A.
Therefore,
C.Not B
=> Invalid form. This is a fallacy with the name “Denying the Antecedent”.
即使前提为真的情况下，premises not support conclusion。
=》unsound argument.
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Reference: https://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/crit_think/ctw-m/eval.htm
例题三：Assumptions
Question 7:
The average life expectancy for the United States population as a whole is 73.9 years, but children
born in Hawaii will live an average of 77 years, and those born in Louisiana, 71.7 years. If a
newlywed couple from Louisiana were to begin their family in Hawaii, therefore, their children would
be expected to live longer than would be the case if the family remained in Louisiana.
Which of the following statements, if true, would most significantly strengthen the conclusion drawn
in the passage?
A. As population density increases in Hawaii, life expectancy figures for that state are likely to be
revised downward.
B. Environmental factors tending to favor longevity are abundant in Hawaii and less
numerous in Louisiana.
C. Twenty-five percent of all Louisianans who move to Hawaii live longer than 77 years.
D. Over the last decade, average life expectancy has risen at a higher rate for Louisianans than for
Hawaiians.
E. Studies show that the average life expectancy for Hawaiians who move permanently to
Louisiana is roughly equal to that of Hawaiians who remain in Hawaii.
中文题目：
整个美国人口的平均预期寿命为 73.9 岁，但在夏威夷出生的孩子的平均寿命为 77 岁，在路易斯安
那州出生的孩子为 71.7 岁。 因此，如果来自路易斯安那州的一对新婚夫妇要在夏威夷开始他们的家
庭，他们的孩子预计会比全家留在路易斯安那州的情况更长寿。
A：随着夏威夷人口密度的增加，该州的预期寿命数字可能会向下修正。
B. 有利于长寿的环境因素在夏威夷很丰富，而在路易斯安那州则较少。
C. 25% 的移居夏威夷的路易斯安那人的寿命超过 77 岁。
D. 在过去十年中，路易斯安那人的平均预期寿命增长速度高于夏威夷人。
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D. 研究表明，永久移居路易斯安那州的夏威夷人的平均预期寿命与留在夏威夷的夏威夷人大致相同。
解析：
Step 1：提示词 —— therefore
Step 2：把文字转换成列点（optional）。
1) The average life expectancy for the United States population as a whole is 73.9 years,
2) but children born in Hawaii will live an average of 77 years, and
3) those born in Louisiana, 71.7 years.
4) If a newlywed couple from Louisiana were to begin their family in Hawaii,
5) therefore, their children would be expected to live longer than would be the case if the family
remained in Louisiana.
Step 3：寻找 premises & conclusion
Premises： 1 - 4
Conclusion：5
Step 3：分析 premises 逻辑
立场 1：1 （美国的平均预期寿命为 73.9）
立场 2：2 （夏威夷的平均寿命为 77）
立场 3：3 （路易斯安那州的平均寿命为 71.7）
立场 4 / sub-argument：4 （新婚夫妇要在夏威夷开始他们的家庭回避在路易斯开始更长寿）
=》每个立场之前都是 independent，因为在说不同的事情
Step 4：书写 standard form（两种情况）
情况一：
1. The average life expectancy for the United States population as a whole is 73.9 years.
2. Children born in Hawaii will live an average of 77 years
3. Children born in Louisiana will live in an average of 71.7 years.
4. If a newlywed couple from Louisiana were to begin their family in Hawaii.
Therefore,
D. their children(a newlywed couple) would be expected to live longer than would be the case if the
family remained in Louisiana（复述）.
情况二：
1. The average life expectancy for the United States population as a whole is 73.9 years.
2. Children born in Hawaii will live an average of 77 years
3. Children born in Louisiana will live in an average of 71.7 years.
Therefore,
4. If a newlywed couple from Louisiana were to begin their family in Hawaii.
Therefore,
C.their children(a newlywed couple) would be expected to live longer than would be the case if the
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family remained in Louisiana（复述）.
Step 5：argument map
情况一：
情况二：
Evaluation Tips:
Evaluation the truth of premises
Premise 1 - 3：各地方的平均年龄是否真实
Assumption
我们从题目本身无法得知环境对寿命有直接联系，例如夏威夷为什么比路易斯安那州的平均寿命长。
Support
如果可以书写 assumptions，那么再书写 assumptions 之后进行分析。
如果不能书写 assumptions，那么就是 weak argument / 非演绎论证。目前的 premises 只能支撑，
需要更多的信息去推导结论。
Reference: GMAT
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重难点总结
1. 千万不要紧张。
2. 做题顺序：由易到难，可以参照第一部分。
3. Complex argument 的分析时间至少要留 40 分钟。
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课后刷题
1. https://www.indiabix.com/logical-reasoning/statement-and-conclusion/
2. https://thecriticalthinkingproject.com/critical-thinking-quiz/
3. 一套试卷（无答案）：
https://www.assessmentday.co.uk/CriticalThinkingTest-Questions.pdf
4. https://pdf4pro.com/fullscreen/critical-thinking-assessment-practice-quiz-550eef.html
5. https://www.indiabix.com/logical-reasoning/statement-and-assumption/043002
6. 题库：
https://www.freshersnow.com/analyzing-arguments-quiz/
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