MDSB10-英文代写
时间:2023-03-07
MDSB10 Midterm Review 2

所有讲义上的解析仅供参考!作业和考试中请勿直接翻译解析 以及 讨论讲义上的例⼦!
UTSC 导师: Lily
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21102908460
MDSB10 Midterm Review 2

所有讲义上的解析仅供参考!作业和考试中请勿直接翻译解析 以及 讨论讲义上的例⼦!
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期中复习 2: CONCEPTS FROM WEEK 5, 6, 8

Ø Week 5:
Ö Eating the other
Ö Commodification of otherness
Ö White transformation
Ö Imperialist nostalgia
Ö Cultural appropriation
Ö Mutual recognition of racism
Ö Digital blackface

Ø Week 6:
Ö Performing whiteness
Ö Surveillance societies
Ö Vernacularization of surveillance
Ö Authenticity
Ö Performing-not-performing, Transparency, Self-reflexivity
Ö Post-race

Ø Week 7:
Ö Celebrity feminism
Ö White feminism
Ö Intersectionality
Ö Postfeminism (as neoliberal feminism)
Ö Microaggression
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MDSB10 Midterm Review 2

所有讲义上的解析仅供参考!作业和考试中请勿直接翻译解析 以及 讨论讲义上的例⼦!
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期中注意事项 (更多内容,请关注后续通知!)

Ö 考试形式: 选择题+短问答题(short answer)
Ö 期中为开卷考试,可以在回答问题时查阅 readings,笔记,讲义,录播课视频
Ö Syllabus 上公布的考试范围:1.11-3.2 号的全部 readings (由于教授没讲第⼀周的
reading,加上 Review Sheet 复习范围里没有第⼀周的 concept,所以第⼀周的内容暂且先
不包含在期中复习课里,但希望⼤家还是要私下看看第⼀周的讲义!)
Ö 考试时间:3.1 号发放题目,3.3 due
Ö 复习策略:
1. 认真观看每周周课的直播课视频。理解每个 concepts 的含义并能用中⽂顺利的表
达出来,同时,独立思考对应知识点的例⼦,并写在讲义空白处
2. 认真观看期中复习 1&2 直播课视频,加深对 concepts 的理解以及对应的英⽂词汇
和 quotation,做到可以独立用英语写下知识点的含义
3. 每个 quotation 段落都要熟悉,尤其是颜⾊标记以及划线 highlight 的地⽅更要熟知
4. 对于每个 concept ⼀定要知道:
§ 我们读过的那个作者介绍了这个概念??(注意有时 reading 的作者和
concept 的作者不⼀样)
§ 他们为什么要介绍这个概念?
§ 这个概念是什么意思?他们是怎么描述这个概念的?
§ 这个概念能帮我们做什么?
§ 概念对应的例⼦有什么?
5. 不要用机器翻译讲义上的知识点!不要用所有周课以及期中复习讲义里的例⼦!不
要用 ChatGPT 答题!
6. 要用自⼰的话写成句⼦的形式去描述!要自⼰去思考例⼦!
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21102908460
MDSB10 Midterm Review 2

所有讲义上的解析仅供参考!作业和考试中请勿直接翻译解析 以及 讨论讲义上的例⼦!
UTSC 导师: Lily
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WEEK 5 阅读解析 1: EATING THE OTHER: DESIRE AND RESISTANCE
Ö Gill 为我们提供了进⾏批判性媒体研究的⽅法/分析框架 (week 2)
Ö Noble 批判性地分析了媒体⾕歌,展⽰了商业搜索引擎如何使⽤压迫算法 (week 3)
Ö Benjamin 判性地分析了⼏种媒体——尤其是那些使⽤⼈⼯智能的媒体——来展⽰种族、性
别和阶级不平等是如何被设计到科技中去的 (week 4)
Ö bell hooks 为 Gill、Noble 和 Benjamin 的分析提供了基础——为我们提供了⿊⼈⼥权主义
的批判框架,以理解有⾊⼈种(尤其是⿊⼈)如何以及为什么被主流⽂化(尤其是⽩⼈) “消
费” (week 5)
Ö Jason Parham 给我们举了⼀个例⼦:⿊⼈创作者如何在 TikTok 上被“消费” (week 5)

注意!本门课的重点之⼀就是要思考:媒体&科技对种族的影响; 媒体如何定义,塑造,传播,
甚⾄是加深种族印象?;媒体中存在怎么样的种族歧视,种族压迫等社会问题?;我们要反思:
如何去引起社会的重视,如何去减轻,解决这些问题?
再次强调,当考试中 short answers 要回答关于种族问题的时候⼀定要思考以上⼏个要素!并且可
以参考结合以上 reading 里的 concepts!

Ø 作者介绍:真名是 Gloria Jean Watkins,笔名是 bell hooks(小写)。美国作家和社会活动
家,以种族,⼥权主义和讨论阶级问题的著作⽽闻名,也是过去 40 年来,在媒体研究、⿊⼈
和⼥权主义研究⽅面最具影响⼒的学者。

Eating or Consuming the other吃/消费其他⼈
• Consume 或者 “eat” other:占据主导地位和掌控主流⽂化的种族(尤其是白⼈)对其他群
体 (尤其是边缘群体,弱势群体,以及有⾊⼈种等)的掌控和压迫,以此来彰显,重申自
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MDSB10 Midterm Review 2

所有讲义上的解析仅供参考!作业和考试中请勿直接翻译解析 以及 讨论讲义上的例⼦!
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⼰的权⼒
• 主要是通过以下 3种⽅式去操作:
1. Commodification of Otherness商品化他者
2. Domination in expressions of desire, intimacy or sexual exploitation
在表达欲望、亲密关系或性剥削⽅⾯的⽀配
3. Cultural appropriation⽂化挪⽤

The commodification of otherness 商品化他者

• “The commodification of Otherness has been so successful because it is offered as a new delight,
more intense, more satisfying than normal ways of doing and feeling. Within commodity culture,
ethnicity becomes spice, seasoning that can liven up the dull dish that is mainstream white
culture. Cultural taboos around sexuality and desire are transgressed and made explicit as the
media bombards folks with a message of difference no longer based on the white supremacist
assumption that "blondes have more fun." The "real fun" is to be had by bringing to the surface
all those "nasty” unconscious fantasies and longings about contact with the Other embedded in
the secret (not so secret) deep structure of white supremacy.” (366)
Commodification of Otherness 被认为是⼀种新的,强烈的快乐,给沉闷⽆聊的白⼈⽂化加
⼊异域风情和刺激。商品化他者是⼀种消遣,获利,娱乐的⽅式,用来满⾜白⼈的幻想。
o 商品化他者的⽂化--比喻:带有差异性的种族⽂化是香料和调味品,使主流⽩⼈
⽂化的沉闷菜肴活跃起来

White Transformation 白⼈转型
• Domination in Intimacy 亲密关系中的支配性
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MDSB10 Midterm Review 2

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“When race and ethnicity become commodified as resources for pleasure, the culture of specific
groups, as well as the bodies of individuals can be seen as constituting an alternative playground
where members of dominating races, genders, sexual practices affirm their power-over in intimate
relationships with the Other.” (367)
⼀旦种族变得商品化时,在亲密关系中,就需要重视种族地位,性别,性⾏为之间的关系

• 白⼈转型究竟指的是什么?
白⼈男性对与不同种族(主要是⿊⼈,白⼈)之间亲密关系的态度转变:
o 殖民时期的种族主义殖民者---单纯为了发泄欲望
o 如今年轻男⼈认为亲密关系并不仅仅是为了性占有,⽽是为了改变—探究其他种族
的世界和经验 & 感受⽂化 &改变种族关系

• 年轻男性认为不仅仅是为了性占有,也是为了改变:
“To these young males and their buddies, fucking was a way to confront the Other, as well as
away to make themselves over, to leave behind white "innocence” and enter the world of
"experience.”… The direct objective was not simply to sexually possess the Other; it was to be
changed in some way by the encounter.” (368)
对于这些年轻男性和他们的伙伴来说,做爱是⼀种对抗他者的⽅式,也是⼀种让自⼰改头
换面、抛弃白⼈“纯真”并进⼊“经验”世界的⽅式。……目标不仅仅是性占有对⽅;相遇会
以某种⽅式改变它。

• 年轻男性认为自⼰不是种族主义者,和之前的种族主义白⼈殖民者不⼀样:
“Unlike racist white men who historically violated the bodies of black women / women of color
to assert their position as colonizer / conqueror, these young men see themselves as non-racists,
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21102908460
MDSB10 Midterm Review 2

所有讲义上的解析仅供参考!作业和考试中请勿直接翻译解析 以及 讨论讲义上的例⼦!
UTSC 导师: Lily
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who choose to transgress racial boundaries within the sexual realm not to dominate the Other, but
rather so that they can be acted upon, so that they can be changed utterly.” (368)
与历史上侵犯⿊⼈⼥性/有⾊⼈种⼥性身体以维护其殖民者/征服者地位的种族主义白⼈男
性不同,这些年轻⼈认为自⼰是非种族主义者,他们选择在性领域内超越种族界限不是为
了支配他者,⽽是为了让它们可以被采取⾏动,这样它们就可以被彻底改变。

Imperialist nostalgia 帝国主义怀旧
• 帝国主义怀旧是什么?怀念殖民时期的权利与欲望的掌控感
“The current wave of “imperialist nostalgia” (defined by Renato Rosaldo in Culture and Truth as
“nostalgia, often found under imperialism, where people mourn the passing of what they
themselves have transformed” or as “a process of yearning for what one has destroyed that is a
form of mystification”) often obscures contemporary cultural strategies deployed not to mourn
but to celebrate the sense of a continuum of “primitivism.” In mass culture, imperialist nostalgia
takes the form of reenacting and reritualizing in different ways the imperialist, colonizing journey
as narrative fantasy of power and desire, of seduction by the Other. ” (369)
作者这边讨论了 Renato Rosaldo 在 Culture and Truth 中所讨论的“帝国主义怀旧”: “怀
旧,通在帝国主义下发现,⼈们哀悼他们自⼰所改造的东西的逝去”或“对自⼰所摧毁的东
西的向往过程,这是⼀种神秘化的形式”)这些策略不是用来哀悼⽽是用来庆祝“原始主义”
连续体的感觉。在⼤众⽂化中,帝国主义怀旧采取以不同⽅式重演和重新仪式化帝国主义
的形式,殖民之旅作为权⼒和欲望的叙事幻想,被他者诱惑”
o 思考西⽅国家的殖民历史
o 怀念曾被自⼰摧毁的帝国主义权利,欲望,征服感
o 将这种对权⼒的怀念转移到⼤众⽂化中---重演帝国主义的形式


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MDSB10 Midterm Review 2

所有讲义上的解析仅供参考!作业和考试中请勿直接翻译解析 以及 讨论讲义上的例⼦!
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• 意味着什么?有什么问题?
通过成为他者减轻负罪感,逃离过去对他者造成伤害承担责任的⽅式
“This longing is rooted in the atavistic belief that the spirit of the “primitive” resides in the bodies
of dark Others whose cultures, traditions, and lifestyles may indeed be irrevocably changed by
imperialism, colonization, and racist domination. The desire to make contact with those bodies
deemed Other, with no apparent will to dominate, assuages the guilt of the past, even takes the
form of a defiant gesture where one denies accountability and historical connection. Most
importantly, it establishes a contemporary narrative where the suffering imposed by structures of
domination on those designated Other is deflected by an emphasis on seduction and longing
where the desire is not to make the Other over in one’s image but to become the Other.” (369)
这种渴望植根于返祖信仰,即“原始⼈”的精神存在于⿊暗其他⼈的身体中,他们的⽂化、
传统、⽣活⽅式确实可能会被帝国主义、殖民化和种族主义统治不可逆转地改变。与那些
被视为他者的身体接触的愿望,没有明显的支配意志,减轻了过去的罪恶感,甚⾄采取了
⼀种否认责任和历史联系的挑衅姿态。最重要的是,它建立了⼀种当代叙事,在这种叙事
中,统治结构强加给那些指定的他者的痛苦被强调诱惑和渴望所转移,这种渴望不是按照
自⼰的形象改变他者,⽽是成为他者。
o 比如:装扮成其他种族的穿搭风格—⿊⼈嘻哈街头风,脏辫---体验“支持”⿊⼈⽂化

• 帝国主义和商品化:
“Whereas mournful imperialist nostalgia constitutes the betrayed and abandoned world of the
Other as an accumulation of lack and loss, contemporary longing for the “primitive” is expressed
by the projection onto the Other of a sense of plenty, bounty, a field of dreams…. Masses of
young people dissatisfied by U.S. imperialism, unemployment, lack of economic opportunity,
afflicted by the postmodern malaise of alienation, no sense of grounding, no redemptive identity,
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MDSB10 Midterm Review 2

所有讲义上的解析仅供参考!作业和考试中请勿直接翻译解析 以及 讨论讲义上的例⼦!
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can be manipulated by cultural strategies that offer Otherness as appeasement, particularly
through commodification. ”(369)
悲痛的帝国主义怀旧将他者的被背叛和遗弃的世界构成为缺乏和损失的积累,⽽当代对
“原始”的渴望则通过将丰富感投射到他者身上来表达,赏⾦,梦想的领域......。对美帝国主
义、失业、缺乏经济机会、受到异化的后现代不适感、没有根基感、没有救赎身份的困扰
的⼤量年轻⼈,可以被提供他者性作为绥靖的⽂化策略所操纵,特别是通过商品化
o 对原始的渴望以及帝国主义换旧理念逐渐被投射在商品上
o 这会产⽣⼀个巨⼤的问题:忽略了对他者造成的伤害—加深刻板影响,滥用⽂化
o 商品化/推崇多元⽂化,是解决目前美国⼤量年轻⼈社会问题(历史遗留问题)的
⼀种绥靖政策(⼀种在不得已的情况下解决问题的策略)---并带来刺激与活⼒

Cultural appropriation ⽂化挪用
• “Cultural appropriation of the Other assuages feelings of deprivation and lack that assault the
psyches of radical white youth who choose to be disloyal to western civilization. Concurrently,
marginalized groups, deemed Other, who have been ignored, rendered invisible, can be seduced
by the emphasis on Otherness, by its commodification, because it offers the promise of
recognition and reconciliation.” (370)
对他者的⽂化挪⽤缓和了剥夺和缺乏的感觉,这种感觉会攻击选择不忠于西⽅⽂明的激进
⽩⼈青年的⼼理。同时,边缘化群体,被视为他者,被忽视,变得隐形,可能会被对他者
性的强调及其商品化所诱惑,因为它提供了承认与和解的承诺。”
o ⽂化挪用通常指的是:另⼀种⽂化身份的成员不恰当地使用⼀种⽂化身份,不恰当
可能是因为不够尊重,或者不够理解其⽂化背景和意义
o 当主流⽂化成员挪用边缘群体或者其他有⾊群体的⽂化时,⼀般都会产⽣争议
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MDSB10 Midterm Review 2

所有讲义上的解析仅供参考!作业和考试中请勿直接翻译解析 以及 讨论讲义上的例⼦!
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o 但同时这个quotation主要表明:⽂化挪用也平息了单种⽂化的缺失感—带来多元

Mutual recognition of racism 相互承认种族主义
• “Mutual recognition of racism, its impact on both those who are dominated and those who
dominate, is the only standpoint that makes possible an encounter between races that is not based
on denial and fantasy.” (371)
相互承认种族主义及其对被⽀配者和⽀配者的影响,是使种族之间的相遇成为可能的唯⼀
⽴场,⽽不是基于否认和幻想
o 需要双⽅承认种族主义才能为建⽴平等的世界打基础--不是⼀味的否定
o 承认⽀配者和被⽀配者的存在













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MDSB10 Midterm Review 2

所有讲义上的解析仅供参考!作业和考试中请勿直接翻译解析 以及 讨论讲义上的例⼦!
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WEEK 5 阅读解析 2: TIKTOK AND THE EVOLUTION OF DIGITAL BLACKFACE
Ø 作者:Jason Parham,美国作家和编辑家。他之前是Gawker和The Fader的编辑,他的作品还
出现在纽约时报书评,The Awl,The Atlantic,The Village Voice和纽约时报杂志上 (维基百科)

Ø 本⽂主要内容:作者以TikTok这个新兴的社交媒体为研究对象,讨论了TikTok的算法,以及
白⼈如何为了流量⽽⽂化挪用⿊⼈的⽂化的现象,揭示了⿊⼈⽂化对于TikTok建立的重要
性,以及⿊⼈创作者在TikTok上所遭遇的歧视和其他不友好的现象等。

注意!这篇reading的concepts比较少,但是也是依然围绕着“种族”这个话题讨论的。在遇到选
择题或short answers的时候,要思考种族问题在现代科技—社交媒体中的关系。

Ø TikTok
• TikTok是当下最⽕的社交媒体之⼀:娱乐,分享,互动,创作
• 但它没有表面看起来那么友好---⿊⼈创作者(歧视,骚扰,种族主义,嘲笑,盗用视频)
• TikTok的前身—Vine (曾经是⿊⼈⽂化的主导引擎)
• TikTok的算法:鼓励个性化,对新⼈创作者很慷慨—Blackmon
• ⿊⼈⽂化对于TikTok很重要(rap音乐,段⼦等等),许多白⼈创作者的成功都是通过利
用⿊⼈⽅式的表达

Digital Blackface数字⿊脸
Ö “In a video uploaded to TikTok last December, a white teen saunters through an airport terminal,
roller suitcase in hand. As he passes the check-in counter for Spirit—the notoriously awful low-
cost airline—a look of mild irritation crosses his face. He glances left, then right. “Whew chile,
the ghetto,” he says, elongating the o in ghetto. Only it's not the young man's voice we hear. It's
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MDSB10 Midterm Review 2

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that of reality diva NeNe Leakes, whose audio was pulled, edited, and resynchronized for the
eight-second clip…. It became his biggest hit, exceeding half a million views.”
在去年 12 月上传到TikTok 的⼀段视频中,⼀名白⼈少年⼿持拉杆⼿提箱漫步穿过机场航
站楼。当他经过 Spirit 的登机柜台时——这家臭名昭著的廉价航空公司——脸上闪过⼀丝
恼怒。他向左看看,又向右看看。“Whew chile,the ghetto,”他边说边把o in ghetto 拉长
了。只是我们听到的不是那个年轻⼈的声音。这是真⼈秀天后NeNe Leakes的声音,她的
音频被拉出、编辑并重新同步为⼋秒的剪辑……。它成为他的最⼤热门,超过了50万的观
看次数。
o ⽂章中谈论了“Whew chile, the ghetto,”视频病毒式传播的例⼦
o ““Whew chile, the ghetto”经常出现在⿊⼈的表达中, “贫民窟”—自嘲讽刺

Ö “Videos like Guarino's are among a disturbing and ongoing form of content production that
suggests a twisted love of Black culture through caricature. It's been called digital blackface, and
Blackmon started seeing examples of it almost immediately after shejoined TikTok, mostly being
posted by young white women and white gay men. “I have never seen so many teenagers who are
this race-obsessed,” she says. “My Blackness is not a show, it's not something you just turn on.”
Another user, 19-year-old Mia Brier, calls it “low-key racism”—you might have to sit with it for
a moment before the extent of the ugliness becomes clear.”
像这样的视频是⼀种令⼈不安且持续不断的内容制作形式,它通过讽刺漫画暗示了对⿊⼈
⽂化的扭曲热爱。它被称为数字⿊脸,Blackmon 在加⼊TikTok 后⼏乎立即就开始看到它
的例⼦,其中⼤部分是由年轻的白⼈⼥性和白⼈男同性恋者发布的。“我从未见过这么多
如此痴迷于种族的青少年,”她说。“My Blackness不是⼀场表演,它不是你随便打开的东
西。” 另⼀位用户,19†岁的 Mia Brier,称其为“低调的种族主义”——在丑陋的程度变得清
晰之前,你可能不得不坐下来接受它。
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o 究竟什么是digital blackface? 非⿊⼈创造者会在视频创作是加⼊⿊⼈⽂化元素—吸
引流量,跟随潮流。其中很多是TikTok上的年轻白⼈(尤其是⼥性,男同性恋
者)。

Ö Minstrelsy 吟游诗⼈在TikTok:
o “White people would darken their skin with burnt cork, greasepaint, or shoe polish and
perform in variety shows.” 白⼈会用烧焦的软⽊塞、油彩或鞋油使皮肤变⿊,并在综
艺节目中表演。
o 是19世纪初发展起来的⼀种美国种族主义戏剧娱乐形式,这些节目专门描绘了非洲
⼈后裔。这些表演⼤多是白⼈,他们为了扮演⿊⼈的角⾊,穿着⿊⾊化妆。吟游诗
⼈将漫画中的⿊⼈描绘成愚笨、懒惰、滑稽、懦弱、迷信和⽆忧⽆虑的⼈ (来自
维基百科,仅帮助理解)
o 作者表明吟游诗⼈并未消失,在如今的媒体和互联⽹上依然存在----digital blackface

Ö Uniquely personal 独特个性化
“The very tools that have made TikTok into one of the most efficient, visible cultural products of
the era—easy to use, hypercustomizable—make instances of digital blackface uniquely personal.
Unlike Facebook and Twitter, where instances of digital blackface are either text-based (abusing
Black vernacular) or image-based (trotting out memes or GIFs of Black celebrities), TikTok is a
video-first platform, and on it, creators embody Blackness with an auteur-driven virtuosity—
taking on Black rhythms, gestures, affect, slang. The most effective videos come down to one
factor: how well a creator grabs hold of our attention. That is to say, how deftly they make what
we watch theirs. Blackness is a proven attention getter. Its adoption is racism, custom-fit.”
使 TikTok 成为那个时代最⾼效、最引⼈注目的⽂化产品之⼀的⼯具——易于使用、⾼度
可定制——使数字⿊脸的实例具有独特的个性化。与 Facebook 和 Twitter 不同,数字⿊脸
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的实例要么基于⽂本(滥用⿊⼈白话)要么基于图像(⿊⼈名⼈的模因或 GIF),TikTok
是⼀个视频优先的平台,在上面,创作者体现了⿊⼈以导演驱动的精湛技艺——采用⿊⼈
节奏、⼿势、情感、俚语。最有效的视频归结为⼀个因素:创作者如何抓住我们的注意
⼒。也就是说,他们如何巧妙地制作我们所看到的东西。事实证明,⿊⾊是⼀种吸引注意
⼒的⽅法。它的采用是种族主义的,定制的。”
o TikTok易于使用,选择多的风格---数字⿊脸独特个性化机制
o 视频中⿊⼈节奏、⼿势、情感、俚语----创作者吸引观众的途径
o 可能会涉及到“⽂化挪用”,不尊重,陷⼊种族主义风波

• 关于digital blackface的更多信息
o TikTok上许多白⼈创作者发布“翻⿊⼈种族主义“⽽获得病毒式传播,影响⼒,追随者
o 互联⽹的背后是虚拟的—用户带着mask狂欢---影响⼒&作秀;
o 戴上了“black mask”的⼈在消费⿊⼈⽂化---延续了暴⼒的历史
o ⿊⼈故事经常被扭曲“distorted”,互联⽹&媒体加深了⿊⼈的痛苦---失去了话语掌控权
o 偷⾛以及消费⿊⼈⽂化—”⽂化盗窃” “消费⿊⼈⽂化”
o TikTok对⿊⼈的审查:
§ “Black users, who think they're fulfilling just that goal, often find themselves muted,
censored, or worse.” ⿊⼈用户常常发现自⼰被静音、审查或更糟。
§ “Earlier this year, a TikToker named Precious Bissah began calling attention to
specific grievances. She felt that non-Black people shouldn't say the N-word, so she
spoke out. She felt that racism had no place on the app, so she spoke out. Her beliefs
seemed to square with the kind of environment TikTok wants to foster: one free of
hate. Bissah ended up having her account taken from her without explanation; she
believes she was reported by people who took issue with what she had to say.
“Basically they were mad that I was pro-Black,” she told me over email. Perhaps
Bissah was somehow seen to run afoul of TikTok's rule against “hateful ideologies.”
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Often, pro-Black rhetoric—Bissah's page is all about uplifting Black girls and
women—is misunderstood as anti-white.”
今年早些时候,⼀位名叫Precious†Bissah†的TikToker†开始呼吁关注具体的申
诉。她觉得非⿊⼈不应该说 N†字,所以她说了出来。她觉得种族主义在应用
程序上没有立⾜之地,所以她说了出来。她的信念似乎与 TikTok 想要营造的
环境相吻合:⼀个没有仇恨的环境。Bissah†最终在没有任何解释的情况下被剥
夺了她的帐户;她相信她被那些对她所说的话有异议的⼈举报了。“基本上他
们很⽣⽓,因为我支持⿊⼈,”她通过电⼦邮件告诉我。也许†Bissah†以某种⽅
式被视为与 TikTok 反对“仇恨意识形态”的规则相冲突。通常,支持⿊⼈的⾔
辞——Bissah†的页面都是关于提升⿊⼈⼥孩和妇⼥的——被误解为反白⼈。
TikTok想要创造⼀个没有仇恨的环境
* Bissah账户在没有任何解释的情况下被删除(可能被举报了)---
审查规则?
* pro-black VS anti-white 亲⿊⼈和反白⼈之间的关系是什么?经常
被误解
















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阅读解析 WEEK 6: A VERNACULAR OF SURVEILLANCE: TAYLOR SWIFT
AND MILEY CYRUS PERFORM WHITE AUTHENTICITY
Ø 作者背景介绍:Rachel E Dubrofsky重点关注流⾏⽂化(真⼈秀、电视、社交媒体、电影、自
拍、音乐视频、新闻),尤其是种族和性别问题以及专注于监控、白度和真实性, 研究⽅向是
媒体传播批判研究、传播理论、传播、⽂化和批评、⼥性主义媒体研究。

Ø 本⽂背景介绍 & 主旨简介:
世界上⼤部分地区的⼈(加拿⼤、美国、中国、印度、西欧、拉丁美洲的⼤部分地区)和我们⼀
样都⽣活在监视的社会里。有⼀些⼈会被定位为比其他⼈更可疑的⼈,因此让他们会受到更多(警
察、军队、机构)的监视。

在 ISA & RSA支持白⼈⾄上意识形态的情况下,白⼈往往被认为是不可疑的,不需要那么多的监
控。但是⼈们是如何表现白的,或者⼈们在表现白⼈时是如何用白话描述监视的? Rachel E
Dubrofsky指出了三个关键要素:透明度、自我反思、表演不表演。这三个要素在两个音乐视频中
完美演绎。

注意!本篇⽂章讨论了两个 case study: 泰勒斯威夫特—“shake it off” 和麦莉赛勒斯—“we can’t
stop”, 这两位名⼈也在 week 7的时候被反复提及,并且是在种族&社会监视 的背景下进⾏讨论!
在写 short answer 时注意回答问题的全面性。


Social Surveillance/ Surveillance Societies 社会监视

• 我们⽣活在⼀个充满监视的社会里:
o 警察,军队,机构的监视
o 其他监视:⽆处不在的监控摄像头;社交媒体软的追踪;上⽹浏览记录;镜头下拍
摄的照片和视频等等
o 在监视的状态下如何表现自⼰?谁会被重点监视?谁不那么需要被监视?
o 作者 draws ““surveillance society” from Gary T. Marx (1985), Nikolas Rose (1996) and
David Lyon (2001), who detail a society in which the tracking and monitoring of
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individuals is ubiquitous and part of the everyday. Partial to Rose (1996) and Michel
Foucault’s (1995) theorizing about surveillance, I see behaviors occurring in surveillance
societies as the productive result of discourses (ideas and practices that shape meaning),
including the interplay between state and non-state authorities, resulting in citizens
enacting behaviors, often unwittingly, that provide access to benefits and privileges.”
(184)
简单地说,我对“监视社会”的理解来自加里·马克思(1985)和尼古拉斯·罗斯
(1996)和 David Lyon(2001),他们详细描述了⼀个跟踪和监控个⼈的社会⽆处不
在,是日常⽣活的⼀部分。偏向于 Rose(1996)和Michel Foucault(1995)关于监视,
我认为在监视社会中发⽣的⾏为是话语的⽣产结果 (形成意义的思想和实践),包括
国家和非国家机构之间的相互作用, 导致公民制定的⾏为,往往是在不知不觉
中,提供了获得利益和特权的途径。

Vernacularization of surveillance
• “I am particularly interested in what I see as a vernacularization of ideas about surveillance:
conventions emerging in contexts of explicit surveillance but that exceed those contexts and have
become mundane, everyday, unremarkable. My focus is on how vernacularization occurs, how
principles privileged in a context of surveillance are both ubiquitous and normalized in spaces
of surveillance and in ones not under surveillance, and on the critical implications.” (185)
我对我所看到的关于监视的想法的本⼟化特别感兴趣:在明确监视的背景下出现的惯例,
但超出了这些背景,变得平凡、日常、不起眼。我的重点是本⼟化是如何发⽣的,在监视
环境中享有特权的原则如何在监视空间和不受监视的空间中普遍存在和规范化,以及关键
影响。
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• “My focus on Swift and Cyrus enables a close and detailed analysis of the subtleties of how
whiteness becomes part of the vernacular of a surveillance society, but what I outline is by no
means confined to the videos” (186).
我对斯威夫特和赛勒斯的关注使我能够对白⼈如何成为监视社会本⼟化的⼀部分的微妙之
处进⾏密切⽽详细的分析,但我概述的内容绝不仅限于视频”
o 案例分析:泰勒斯威夫特—“shake it off” 和麦莉赛勒斯—“we can’t stop”
o 探索流⾏媒体中的种族表达问题
o ⼥权主义媒体、监视、表演和批判性种族研究
o 白度如何成为监视社会本⼟化的⼀部分?

Performing-not-performing 表演-不表演
• “what we call ‘performing-not-performing’ (Dubrofsky and Ryalls 2014) in front of a
surveillance camera shows one is authentic, that one is able to be one’s true self despite being
under surveillance. We argued that this carries over into contexts not under surveillance via
presentations that prioritize spontaneous, unplanned, unrehearsed behavior, especially behavior
that ostensibly cannot be repressed” (186-7).
我们所说的‘表演-不表演’(杜布罗夫斯基和赖尔斯 2014年)在监控摄像头前表现出⼀个⼈是
真实的,即使在监控之下,也能做真实的自⼰。我们认为,通过优先考虑自发的、未计划
的、未排练的⾏为,特别是表面上⽆法抑制的⾏为,这种情况会延续到不在监视之下的环
境中”(186-7)。
o 通常在镜头的监视下我们会伪装自⼰,但如果可以在摄像头前也表现出真
实的自⼰,那在社会监控下也能做真实的自⼰
o 真实的⾏为—自发的、未计划的、未排练的⾏为,⽆法抑制的⾏为
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Transparency 透明度
• “In a surveillance society there is a demand that people “become self evident” (Hall 2015a: 134).
In contexts of visual surveillance, where a camera is capturing the actions of real people doing
real things, emotional transparency is particularly prized: emotions written on the body (tears,
anger, for instance)” (187).
“在监控社会中,⼈们需要“变得不⾔自明”(Hall 2015a:134)。在视觉监控的环境中,摄
像机正在捕捉真实⼈物做真实事情的动作,情感透明性尤为重要:情绪写在身体上(例
如,眼泪、愤怒)”(187)。
o 情感透明度—情绪(眼泪,愤怒)
o 可以在被监视的环境下所捕捉,比如:被摄像机捕捉表情&情绪

Performing “good” whiteness 表现“良好的“白度
• “The ethic to perform-not-performing is an important aspect of good, heroic people in US popular
culture (Dubrofsky and Ryalls 2014) and aligns with performances of ‘good whiteness’ since
these are also marked by an appearance of not performing” (187).
不表演的道德准则是美国流⾏⽂化中善良、英勇的⼈的⼀个重要⽅面(Dubrofsky 和 Ryalls
2014),与‘善良的白⼈’的表现⼀致,因为这些表现也以不表演的外表为标志”(187)。
o good—善良,英勇等优秀的,正面的,积极的品质
o 白⼈会以⼀种自然的表演⽅式(即,不表演)来展现自⼰的优秀品质—白
⼈的标志,地位,权利



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Ø Shake It Off
• “Swift and Cyrus express desires that cannot be controlled because these burst forth
naturally, a marker of authentic behavior, as is the insistence to enact behavior regardless
of risk (judgment of others, for instance). As the title of Swift’s song articulates, when it
comes to attempts to box her in, or make her be someone she feels she is not, she “shakes
it off.” The song advocates the value of ignoring the judgment of others and doing one’s
own thing…. Swift does not want to reign in her behavior, and she could not even if she
wanted to because her desires cannot be contained. This aligns with aspects of
authenticity: her behavior emerges without forethought, is unplanned and arises
instinctively, and, I argue below, enacts racializing surveillance (Browne 2015) since
authentic displays in visual popular media in a surveillance society are aligned with
whiteness.” (188)
斯威夫特和赛勒斯表达了⽆法控制的欲望,因为这些欲望自然⽽然地爆发出来,
这是真实⾏为的标志,就像坚持不顾风险(例如,对他⼈的判断)制定⾏为⼀
样。正如斯威夫特歌曲的标题所表达的那样,当涉及到试图限制她,或者让她成为
她觉得自⼰不是的⼈时,她“摆脱了它”。这首歌提倡⽆视他⼈的判断,做自⼰的事
情的价值……。斯威夫特不想控制自⼰的⾏为,即使她想也做不到,因为她的欲
望⽆法抑制。这与真实性的各个⽅面⼀致:她的⾏为是在没有预先考虑的情况下出
现的,是⽆计划的,本能地出现的,⽽且,我在下面争论,制定种族化监视
(Browne 2015),因为监视社会中视觉流⾏媒体中的真实显示与白⼈保持⼀致。
o 什么是真实性?—⽆计划,本能的出现,欲望⽆法抑制
o 比如:“⽆视他⼈的判断,做自⼰的事情”—shake it off---抵抗监视 &他⼈
o 白⼈(特权)更容易做到,但其他群体(边缘群体,有⾊⼈种)更容易受
到监视。
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Self-reflexivity 自我反省
• “By self-reflexivity, I mean a display of being self-aware, of acknowledging what one is
doing while one is doing it” (189)
“自我反身性,我的意思是表现出自我意识,承认⼀个⼈正在做的事情”

• “In the two videos, the ironic, humorous and self-reflexive behavior occurs particularly
around racialized displays. People of color and the appropriation of tropes and aesthetics
from racialized cultures prop up essential whiteness by showcasing the racialized
behaviors each performs as ironic (and sometimes funny) because these are not
representative of Cyrus and Swift’s authentic selves—their non-ironic, not-performing
self” (190).
“在两个视频中,讽刺、幽默和自我-反身⾏为尤其发⽣在种族化的表现周围。有⾊
⼈种以及对种族化⽂化的比喻和美学的挪用通过展示种族化的⾏为来支撑基本的
白度,每个⾏为都表现得具有讽刺意味(有时很有趣),因为这些并不代表赛勒
斯和斯威夫特的真实自我——他们的非讽刺,不——表演自我”
o 自我反省—自我意识,思考正在做的事情
o “shake it off” & “we can’t stop”---视频中的⼀些情节充满了讽刺,搞笑的意
味---批判反思种族问题: ⽂化挪用,种族刻板印象等。比如,“shake it off”
音乐视频中存在⼤量⿊⼈⽂化元素:嘻哈,扭臀舞蹈,⿊⼈舞者,霹雳舞
装扮
o 泰勒⽆法像⿊⼈⼀样跳的那么好,因为她知道她是白⼈—延续了 post- race


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Post-race后种族
• “Cyrus and Swift operate in a postracial context where people of color and racialized
aesthetics are featured, but where race itself is unimportant, and racism is a thing of the
past” (191)
“赛勒斯和斯威夫特在后种族背景下运作,有⾊⼈种和种族化审美成为特⾊,但种
族本身并不重要,种族主义已成为过去”(191)

• “Like Swift, Cyrus uses black people decoratively, blackness a fun costume Cyrus can
don at will, all the while emphasizing whiteness as her authentic identity” (193).
像斯威夫特⼀样,赛勒斯装饰性地使用⿊⼈,⿊⾊是赛勒斯可以随意穿上的有趣服
装,同时强调白⾊是她的真实身份”
o 延续了后种族:种族主义已经成为过去,种族化审美
o 有争议的概念:种族主义已经不再存在了;不平等,歧视的问题依然存在
o 赛勒斯和斯威夫特延续了 post-race 的概念

White authenticity 白⾊真实性 (非 quotation)
• We can think of white authenticity as a performance that depends on proximity to and
misrepresentations of people of colour. In our surveillance societies, this whiteness is a
performance comprised of transparency, performing-not-performing, and self-reflexivity.
我们可以将白⼈真实性视为⼀种表现,这种表现取决于与有⾊⼈种的接近程度和对
有⾊⼈种的误传。在我们的监控社会中,这种白度是⼀种由透明、表演-不表演和
自我反省组成的表演。

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• In surveillance societies that are less invested in ideologies of white supremacy, we might
ask, how is ‘authenticity’ (and transparency) performed and rewarded by your ‘ruling
classes’, or the groups of people who hoard the most resources and enjoy the most life
chances?
白⼈⾄上意识形态投资较少的监视社会中,我们可能会问,“真实性”(和透明度)
是如何被“统治阶级”或那些囤积最多资源并享受⼤多数⽣活机会?
o 白⼈真实性包含:透明,表演-不表演,自我反思
o 白⼈可以更加真实地表达自⼰,抵抗他⼈的观念和监视 (白⼈的特权)
o 但每个⼈都可以这般自⼰的打破规则吗?
o 对于⿊⼈来说,Aswad (2016) “freedom is always conditional here.” (194 )
























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阅读解析 WEEK 8: WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A CELEBRITY FEMINIST
SLINGS MICROAGGRESSIVE SHADE?: TWITTER AND THE PUSHBACK
AGAINST NEOLIBERAL FEMINISM
Ø 作者背景介绍(两位作者):
Judy L. Isaksen 是⼀位在 High Point University任职的媒体与流⾏⽂化研究以及⼥性与性
别研究专业的全职教授。她教授的课程涉及修辞、批判/⽂化理论和媒体研究——尤其是
电视、电影和音乐——关注种族、性别认同和性取向问题。

Nahed Eltantawy 是 High Point University Nido R. Qubein传播学院副院长兼新闻学副教
授。她的研究重点是媒体表现、媒体中的穆斯林和阿拉伯⼥性、社交媒体激进主义以及
批判和⽂化研究。

Ø 本⽂主要介绍:
以 2015年Nicki Minaj, Taylor Swift, Miley Cyrus 在 Twitter 上因Video Music Awards
ceremony颁奖所引起的⽭盾为案例,探讨了在如今的新自由⼥性主义⽂化中名⼈⼥权主义
的白⼈化倾向,揭露了在音乐⾏业内所存在的有关种族、性别和身体政治的问题霸权社会
实践…

注意!本⽂再次围绕着种族问题去讨论,在此的基础上还讨论了数字媒体和⼥权主义—在
⼤众流⾏⽂化的语境下。本篇再次提到了泰勒斯威夫特和赛勒斯,并把她们定义为后⼥权
主义的表现。


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Celebrity feminism 名人女权主义
• “When Taylor Swift intentionally reconstructed her public image as she shifted her music career
from country to pop and proudly identified ‘herself as a feminist’ (Eells 2014), she wasn’t alone.
Lena Dunham, Beyoncé, Jennifer Lawrence, Amy Schumer, Miley Cyrus, Emma Watson – all of
whom have achieved their fame in ways unrelated to feminist politics – are eagerly announcing
their self-professed feminism as they rally in various ways around the feminist flagpole. Given
the writings for both general and scholarly audiences such as Huffington Post’s ‘A Definitive
Guide to Celebrity Feminism in 2013’ (Duca 2013) as well as Celebrity Studies’ 2015 Forum
Special on Feminism and Contemporary Celebrity Culture, we are, indeed, experiencing a
‘celebrity zeitgeist’ (Hamad and Taylor 2015, p. 124).” (549)
当泰勒·斯威夫特有意重建她的公众形象时,她将自⼰的音乐⽣涯 从乡村音乐转向流⾏音
乐,并自豪地称“自⼰是⼥权主义者”(Eells 2014),她 并不孤单。莉娜·杜汉姆,Beyoncé,
詹妮弗·劳伦斯,艾米·舒默,麦莉·塞勒斯, 艾玛·沃特森——她们都以与⼥权主义 政治⽆
关的⽅式获得了自⼰的名声——正急切地宣布她们自称的⼥权主义,因为她们以各种⽅式
聚集在⼥权主义旗杆周围 。鉴于面向⼤众和学者 读者的⽂章,如赫芬顿邮报的“2013年名
⼈⼥权主义权威指南” (杜卡 2013)以及名⼈研究 2015年⼥性主义论坛特别版和 当代名⼈⽂
化,我们确实正在经历⼀场“名⼈时代精神” (哈马德和泰勒 2015年,第 124页)。

• “However, what is most notable about this string of celebrity feminists is their pronounced
whiteness…McRobbie (2009) argues that pop culture insists upon relinquishing ‘almost all
signifiers of racial difference’ and subsuming ‘ethnicity into the dominant repertoire of normative
white femininity’; such racial erasures within the ‘celebratory white visual economies’ (p. 71)
have been rendered largely invisible by the overwhelming power of whiteness. Another equally
important characteristic of the reigning celebrity feminists is that most hail from the United
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States. Systems of oppression and conceptions of whiteness play out differently around the world;
not to consider their US-centrism, and thus their privilege, is indeed another problematic erasure.
And finally, despite the ever-growing number of celebrity feminists, ‘no “authentic” feminism’
(Hamad and Taylor 2015, p. 125) exists among them; in fact, as Gay (2014a) cautions, the ‘fame-
inist brand’ is only a ‘gateway to feminism, not the movement itself.” (550)
“然⽽,这⼀系列名⼈⼥权主义者最值得注意的是他们明显的白⼈特征……
McRobbie(2009)认为,流⾏⽂化坚持放弃‘⼏乎所有种族差异的标志’,并将‘种族性纳⼊规
范白⼈⼥性⽓质的主导曲目’;在“庆祝的白⼈视觉经济”(第 71页)中,这种种族擦除在很⼤
程度上被白⼈的压倒性⼒量所忽视。当权名⼈⼥权主义者的另⼀个同样重要的特征是,她
们⼤多来自美国。世界各地的压迫制度和白⼈观念不尽相同;不考虑他们的美国中⼼主义,
从⽽不考虑他们的特权,确实是另⼀个有问题的抹杀。最后,尽管名⼈⼥权主义者的数量
越来越多,但在他们当中“没有“真正的”⼥权主义”(哈马德和泰勒 2015年,第 125页);事实
上,正如盖伊(2014a)所警告的那样,“主义品牌”只是“通往⼥权主义的门户,⽽不是运动
本身”。
o 众多明星都声称自⼰是“⼥权主义者”,为自⼰树立新⼥性独立的形象
o 其中⼤部分是白⼈,⽽且是美国⼈----特权的代表
o 其中有谁是真正的⼥权主义者呢?有谁是真⼼为⼥性主义运动⽽呐喊的呢?
o 流⾏⽂化中日渐增多的多元⽂化(⿊⼈嘻哈音乐等)意味着种族差异的消失吗?种
族歧视不存在了吗?

Intersectionality 交叉性
• “Intersectionality was initially a call by black feminist scholars (Lorde 1984, hooks 1984, Collins
2000) whose epistemology demanded a deeper, more full-bodied understanding of social justice
for women. Directing their views particularly towards white feminists who ‘ignore their built-in
privilege of whiteness’ (Lorde 1984, p. 117) and focus solely on their own experiences,
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intersectional scholars cogently argue that all aspects of social identity – age, race, class, ability,
sexuality, religion, ethnicity – are not only impossible to parse out but are vital aspects of
feminist politics. Law professor Crenshaw (1989) coined the term intersectionality to articulate
how anti-discrimination laws disregard the ways that sexism is racialised and racism is gendered.
We might even consider black abolitionist Sojourner Truth’s 1851 question, ‘Ain’t I a woman?’
a first call for intersectionality. Despite this history and even perhaps with little knowledge of it,
intersectionality has recently taken on new digital life and has become a feminist buzzword.”
(551)
“交叉性最初是⿊⼈⼥权主义学者的呼吁(Lorde 1984,hooks 1984,Collins 2000)其认
识论要求更深⼊、更全面的理解 妇⼥的社会正义。将他们的观点特别针对白⼈⼥权主义者
“忽略他们内在的白⼈特权”(Lorde 1984,第 117 页)并只关注他们 自⼰的经验,交叉学
者有说服⼒地争辩说,社会认同的各个⽅面 -年龄、种族、阶级、能⼒、性取向、宗教、
种族——不仅⽆法解析但这是⼥权主义政治的重要⽅面。法学教授 Crenshaw (1989) 创造
了这个词交叉性以阐明反歧视法如何⽆视性别歧视的⽅式是种族化的,种族主义是性别化
的。我们甚⾄可以考虑⿊⼈废奴主义者旅居者 Truth 在 1851 年提出的问题“我不是⼥⼈
吗?”是对交叉性的首次呼吁。尽管如此历史,甚⾄可能对它知之甚少,交叉性最近采取
了新的数字⽣活,并已成为⼥权主义的流⾏语。”
o ⿊⼈⼥权主义学者的呼吁---交叉性,更深⼊,更全面的了解⼥性
o ⼥权主义政治的重要⽅面--年龄、种族、阶级、能⼒、性取向、宗教、种族
o Intersectionality 这个术语来自 Law professor Crenshaw (1989),“阐明了反歧视法如
何⽆视 性别歧视是种族化的,种族主义是性别化的”
o 交叉性最近经常被用于数字社交媒体(Twitter)以及⼥权主义中

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White Feminism 白⼈⼥权主义
• “Another accompanying term receiving a digital uptick and being championed for its
efficacy is intersectionality’s antithesis, white feminism. Blind to matters of intersectionality,
white feminism is a problematically narrow understanding of feminism that fails to
consider the issues that specifically affect women of colour. The invisible assumption
underlying white feminism is that the misogyny that white women experience is,
indeed, the norm for all, and notably, such white women are typically cisgender,
heterosexual, middle-to-upper class, Christian, attractive, and abled-bodied. Inherent
in this default sensibility is the notion of privilege, for privileged people are often blind
to any workings within systems of power that they may not directly experience.” (551)
另⼀个伴随数字上升并因其功效⽽受到拥护的术语是交叉性的对立面,白⼈⼥权主义。对
交叉性问题视⽽不见,白⼈⼥权主义是对⼥权主义的⼀种有问题的狭隘理解,它没有考虑
特别影响有⾊⼈种⼥性的问题。白⼈⼥权主义背后隐含的假设是,白⼈⼥性所经历的厌⼥
症确实是所有⼈的常态,值得注意的是,这些白⼈⼥性通常是顺性、异性恋、中上层阶
级、基督教徒、有魅⼒且身体健全. 这种默认敏感性中固有的是特权的概念,因为享有特权
的⼈通常对他们可能⽆法直接体验的权⼒系统内的任何运作视⽽不见
o Intersectionality 的对立面--- White Feminism白⼈⼥权主义
o 交叉性对有更全面理解(年龄、种族、阶级、能⼒、性取向、宗教、种族);白⼈
⼥权主义对⼥权主义的理解比较狭隘
o 对没直接体验的压迫视⽽不见,缺少对多样经历的包容性
o 从标准白⼈⼥性角度考虑问题—异性恋,中上层阶级,基督教,有魅⼒,健康----
特权 privilege

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Ø Feminism in Digitalization
• “Dzodan’s blog went viral (over 693,000+ Google entries) and these concepts continue
to catch the attention of emerging feminists worldwide, meeting them at the gateway of
the movement. Web 2.0 has fully democratised feminist activity; with the erasure of
distance and geography, what Wajcman (2004) dubbed ‘technofeminism’ over a decade
ago has since opened up a ‘renewed and widespread consciousness of feminist issues in
the public sphere’ (Baer 2016, p. 19)… Intersectionality and white feminism, concepts feminist
scholars use regularly, are migrating from the academic margin to the mainstream in our click-
based digital culture, which appears to be helping some emerging feminists to have a
more nuanced understanding of the power and lapses of celebrity feminists.” (552)
Dzodan 的博客如病毒般传播(超过 693,000+⾕歌条目),这些概念还在继续吸引全世界新
兴⼥权主义者的注意,在的运动。Web 2.0 使⼥权主义活动完全民主化;与擦除距离和地
理,Wajcman(2004)在过去⼗多年里称之为“技术⼥权主义” 阿⼽自此开启了⼀种“更新⽽⼴
泛的⼥权主义意识”(Baer 2016,第 19 页)……交叉性和白⼈⼥权主义,⼥权主义学者经常
使用的概念,正在从学术边缘转移到我们基于点击的数字⽂化的主流,这似乎正在帮助
⼀些新兴⼥权主义者拥有⼀个更细致⼊微地了解名⼈⼥权主义者的⼒量和过失。”

• Feminist pop culture blogger, Young (2014) defines white feminism as ‘the feminism that throws
women of colour under the bus in the quest for body diversity and acceptance . . . I’m talking
about the feminism that celebrates Tina Fey, Lily Allen and Lena Dunham, but tears down Nicki
Minaj, Beyoncé and Rihanna’ (Paragraph 6). (552)
⼥权主义流⾏⽂化博主 Young(2014)将白⼈⼥权主义定义为“……⼥权主义在追求身体多样
性和被接受的过程中,把有⾊⼈种⼥性扔在公共汽车下……我说的⼥权主义颂扬了蒂
娜·菲、莉莉·艾伦和莉娜·杜汉姆,却贬低了尼基·米娜、Beyoncé和蕾哈娜”

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• “Not coincidentally, these digital platforms are likewise having an effect on celebrities
themselves, offering new outlets through which ‘discourses of celebrity circulate’ (Marwick and
boyd 2011, p. 155). Celebrities’ specific use of Twitter is notably ‘changing celebrity culture’,
particularly in the move away from a ‘highly controlled’ management model to one in which
celebrities freely speak on their own (p. 139)” (552)
“⽆独有偶,这些数字平台也同样对名⼈产⽣了影响为“名⼈话语的传播”提供了新的渠道
(马威克) 博伊德,2011,第 155页)。名⼈对推特的具体使用明显是“改变名⼈”⽂化”,尤
其是从“⾼度控制”的管理模式转向名⼈可以自由地发表自⼰的⾔论(第 139 页)”
o 随着时代的变化,突出了 digital feminism
o “Web 2.0 使⼥权主义活动完全民主化”,扩⼤了⼥权主义影响⼒
o 博客的兴起促进⼥权主义;名⼈利用数字媒体发表自由⾔论(比如:Twitter)
o 从学术转向了数字点击的⽂化
Postfeminist后⼥权主义 (neoliberal feminism)新自由主义时代的⼥权主义
• “Digital feminism has emerged right alongside the hegemony of neoliberalism, a conservative
political sensibility that dominates our cultural, social, and economic norms by privileging
individual choice over collective social structures. Duggan (2003) posits that the most concerning
‘ruse’ of neoliberal dominance is the way in which economic policy is perceived as a neutral
expertise that is unrelated to politics and culture and is, therefore, not accountable for cultural
critique. As such, inequities of race, gender, and sexuality are ‘dismissed’ as ‘private or trivial’
while the upward redistribution of concentrated ‘power and resources’ simultaneously lands ‘in
the hands of tiny elites’ (p. xiv).” (552-3)
“数字⼥权主义与新自由主义的霸权同时出现,新自由主义是⼀种保守的政治敏感性,通
过将个⼈选择置于集体社会结构之上来主导我们的⽂化、社会和经济规范。Duggan (2003)
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认为,新自由主义统治最令⼈担忧的“诡计”是经济政策被视为与政治和⽂化⽆关的中立专
业知识的⽅式,因此不对⽂化批评负责。因此,种族、性别和性取向的不平等被视为“私
⼈的或微不⾜道的”⽽被“摒弃”,⽽集中的“权⼒和资源”的向上再分配同时落在“少数精英
⼿中”(第 xiv 页)。(552-3)
o 新自由主义重视个⼈选择,⽽不是社会结构
o 不关⼼⽂化,种族,性别,性取向等话题,只关⼼权利和资源的分配
• “Deeply connected to neoliberalism and alongside the neoliberal feminist is postfeminism,
as both are paired with the prizing of individualism and choice as well as the ‘muting’ of
discourse on structural inequality and cultural influences (Gill 2016, p. 613).” (553)
新自由主义--新自由⼥权主义(后⼥权主义):重视个⼈选择,不在乎不平等和⽂化影响

• “McRobbie (2009argues that “‘something quite unexpected has happened. Elements of feminism
have been taken into account, and have been absolutely incorporated into political and
institutional life’ (p. 1). But such elements, she continues, have been ‘converted into a much more
individualistic discourse’ (p. 1), and then in this ‘new guise’, feminist gestures are deployed most
especially in media and popular culture ‘as a kind of substitute for feminism…McRobbie calls
this substitution a ‘new form of sexual contract’. If young women abandon feminism, in exchange
this contract ensures them a ‘notional form of equality’ experienced by the pleasures of
participating in consumer culture and enjoying economic stability; however, these pleasures come
at the cost of being hyperactive consumers and docile workers – both necessities of the neoliberal
economy (p. 2). This, McRobbie argues, is the ‘undoing of feminism’ (p. 5) as a genuine feminist
politics is replaced by a faux-feminism of ostensible equity (p. 1).” (553)
“麦克罗比(2009年)认为,“‘发⽣了⼀些非常意想不到的事情。⼥权主义的元素已经被考虑
在内,并且已经完全融⼊到政治和制度⽣活中”(第 1页)。但是这些元素,她继续说,已经
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“转化为⼀种更加个⼈主义的话语”(第 1页),然后在这种“新伪装”下,⼥权主义的姿态被⼴
泛运用,尤其是在媒体和流⾏⽂化中,“作为⼀种⼥权主义的替代品……McRobbie称这种
替代为⼀种“新的性契约形式”。如果年轻⼥性放弃⼥权主义,作为交换,这个契约确保她
们通过参与消费⽂化和享受经济稳定的乐趣来体验⼀种“名义上的平等”;然⽽,这些快乐是
以成为过度活跃的消费者和温顺的⼯⼈为代价的——这两者都是新自由主义经济的必需品
(第 2页)。McRobbie 认为,这是‘⼥权主义的毁灭’(第 5页),因为真正的⼥权主义政治被
表面上公平的假⼥权主义所取代(第 1页)。”
o 强调了后⼥权主义的定义,以及与新自由主义经济板块下的关系
o 后⼥权主义与新自由主义/个⼈主义密切相关
o McRobbie 批判了后⼥权主义---“新的性契约形式“ “⼥权主义的毁灭”等
Microaggression 微倾略
• “Microaggressions, as encapsulated by Sue (2010), are the brief and everyday slights,
insults, and denigrating messages sent to marginalised people by people of power.
Countless instances of microaggressions are delivered daily, sometimes consciously,
sometimes unconsciously, and notably, when microaggressions are delivered
unconsciously, the perpetrators typically do not understand that they are being offensive,
nor do they realise that they are harbouring biases and prejudices (pp. 5–6). By applying
this theory to everyday interactions, we make these invisible indignities visible, thereby
combatting unconscious racism, sexism, genderism, and other forms of oppression (p.
20).” (553)
正如苏 (Sue, 2010)所概括的那样,微冒犯是指当权者每天向边缘化⼈群发出的简
短、侮辱和诋毁信息。每天都有⽆数微冒犯的例⼦,有时是有意识的,有时是⽆
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意识的,值得注意的是,当微冒犯是⽆意识的,施暴者通常不明白他们是在冒
犯,也没有意识到他们怀有偏见和偏见(第 5-6 页)。通过将这⼀理论应用于日常互
动,我们使这些⽆形的侮辱变得可见,从⽽与⽆意识的种族主义、性别歧视、性
别歧视和其他形式的压迫作⽃争(第 20 页)。”(553)

• “These demeaning messages can be delivered in three fashions: verbally, often via
seemingly complimentary language; nonverbally or behaviourally such as physically
avoiding someone (Sue 2010, p. 71); and environmentally via media images, symbols,
and mascots (pp. 25–28).(553)
这些侮辱性的信息可以通过三种⽅式传达:⼝头的,通常是通过看似赞美的语⾔;非
语⾔或⾏为上的,如身体上的避开某⼈(Sue 2010,第 71 页);通过媒体图像,符
号, 和吉祥物(第 25-28 页)。

• 微侵略的三种分类 taxonomy (554-5):
1. ‘microassault’微攻击:
Ö 有意识的故意攻击别⼈;例⼦:故意辱骂脏话“bitch”
2. ‘microinsults’微侮辱:
Ö “often unconscious communications or behaviors that convey an insensitivity
to a person and his or her group membership” 通常是⽆意识的沟通或⾏为,
传达⼀种⼀个⼈对其他群体成员的不信任; 例⼦:浓妆艳抹的⼥⼈是潜在
危险
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3. ‘microinvalidation’微观验证:
Ö “includes acts or communications, again often unconscious, that ‘exclude,
negate, or nullify the psychological thoughts, feelings or experiential reality’ of
a marginalised group (Sue 2010, p. 29). 也包括⾏为或交流通常是⽆意识的,
排除,否定,或否定⼼理思想,感觉或边缘化群体的经验现实”
Ö 更复杂的⼀种形式;例⼦:#AllLivesMatter VS #BlackLivesMatter

Ø MTV’s 2015 Video Music Awards
• Nicki Minaj’s因没有获奖⽽发 Twitter表达在音乐⾏业里所存在的种族不平等现象
(这个奖项设立的前 11年全部颁给了白⼈艺术家,在之前 35年里只有 13位获奖
⼈是⿊⼈….)—⿊⼈被边缘化(second-class citizen style of microaggression),
• 之后她又连发⼏条抨击新自由主义的⼒量,表达“our culture’s ubiquitous obsession
with positioning the thin white body as ideal” (556)
• 泰勒斯威夫特发⽂:“I’ve done nothing but love & support you. It’s unlike you to pit
women against each other. Maybe one of the men took your slot (Swift 2015a).”
(556)
----充满⽆意识的微侮辱以及后⼥权主义
----1. 斯威夫特 否认 种族主义 2. 暗示Nicki Minaj在让⼥性互相对立 3. 将 Nicki
Minaj 定义为没获奖⽽愤怒的妇⼥ 4. 将责任归给男⼈
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• 2 天后斯威夫特最终道歉,但又⽆意识中表现出了后⼥权主义的姿态“I thought I
was being called out. I missed the point. I misunderstood, then misspoke. I’m sorry,
Nicki (Swift 2015b).” (557)
---后⼥权主义-泰勒斯威夫特只注重自⼰的利益-I,没有利用自⼰的影响⼒为社会群
体发声
• Nicki Minaj 最终接受了道歉
• 另外⼀名歌⼿ Cyrus 在接受采访时回避了该⾏业的结构性种族主义问题,并暗示
Nicki充满愤怒。后来在另⼀个颁奖礼上,Cyrus 作为主持⼈被Nicki Minaj在颁奖
典礼时公开质问“bitch” “what’s good”(microaggressive)----主持⼈ Cyrus 当时的装
扮时白⾊脏辫---⽂化挪用(装扮成⿊⼈,却不为⿊⼈发声---后⼥权主义)
• Minaj @ Cyrus: “The fact that you feel upset about me speaking on something that
affects black women makes me feel like you have some big balls. You’re in videos with
black men, and you’re bringing out black women on your stages, but you don’t want to
know how black women feel about something that’s so important? Come on, you can’t
want the good without the bad. If you want to enjoy our culture and our lifestyle, bond
with us, dance with us, have fun with us, twerk with us, rap with us, then you should also
want to know what affects us, what is bothering us, what we feel is unfair to us. You
shouldn’t not want to know that (cited in Grigoriadis 2015, para. 8). ”(558)
• 泰勒·斯威夫特和麦莉·塞勒斯都处于后⼥权主义 post-feminism 的问题地位---从社会
结构问题变成个⼈问题" from a structural problem into an individual affair”—
“ whiteness as a cultural dominant’白⼈主导⽂化
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Ø Twitter in Feminism
o 名⼈⼥权主义会回避⼀些复杂的社会问题 (不平等,种族化,性别化,⼥
权主义的教育等)
o 当问题被放到 twitter等社交媒体去讨论时---粉丝会指出泰勒和赛勒斯的后
⼥权主义⾏事风格以及对种族的压迫
o 粉丝并不总是盲目的,他们也会将自⼰的理解投⼊⾄媒体中,指出名⼈⼥权
主义所忽视的问题
o Twitter feminism vs postfeminism推特⼥权主义 vs 后⼥权主义
“digital feminisms are in a sense redoing feminism for a neoliberal age” (561)
数字⼥权主义(比如在 twitter 上的⼥权主义)正在从新塑造新自由时代的
⼥权主义(后⼥权主义)
o 白⼈特权/白⼈⾄上主义 white supremacy—泰勒斯威夫特—‘Aryan Goddess’
& neo-Nazis accusations (PopFront blogger, Herning (2017)),斯威夫特保
持沉默,既不否认也不宽恕这些指责
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小练习:WEEK 5, 6, 8 CONCEPTS (对于正确选项,请不要在考试中用以下原句)
1. “Eat the other”或者“Consume the other”指的是什么?请选出最合适的答案
A. The way of representing multi-culture in the discourse of consumerism through
Commodification of Otherness, Domination in expressions of desire, intimacy or sexual
exploitation, Cultural appropriation
B. The dominant race (especially refers to the white people) controls and oppresses marginalized
groups in order to demonstrate and reaffirm the power through Commodification of
Otherness, Domination in expressions of desire, intimacy or sexual exploitation, Cultural
appropriation
C. One group takes advantage of another group by consuming others’ culture, including
Commodification of Otherness, Domination in expressions of desire, intimacy or sexual
exploitation, Cultural appropriation
D. None of them is correct

2. demanded a deeper, more full-bodied understanding of social justice for women, and
including all aspects of social identity – age, race, class, ability, sexuality, religion, ethnicity.
A. White Feminism
B. Post-feminism
C. Neoliberal feminism
D. Intersectionality

3. This type of microaggression often unconscious communications or behaviors that convey an
insensitivity to a person and his or her group membership. 请问这是哪种类别的 micro
aggression?
A. microassault
B. microinsults
C. microinvalidation
D. microaggression

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4. 请讨论现代媒体&科技所引起的种族问题,结合 course reading讨论相关的 concepts(⾄少
选 3 个进⾏深度讨论)。
5. Intersectionality 和 Postfeminism (as neoliberal feminism)的区别是什么?
在回答 short answer 时,请思考关于某个 concept 的以下问题:谁介绍了这个 concept?为什么要
介绍这个 concept?reading 里是怎么描述这个概念的?这个概念能帮我们做什么?列举 reading 中
的相关例⼦
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essay、essay代写