ACCT90013-Financial Accounting Theory & Practice (ACCT90013)代写
时间:2023-03-15
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ACCT 90013
Week 3
TUTOR: Yixin
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1.点【 参会者】
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3.问题被解答了还可以【 ⼿放下】
红圈处输⼊问题提问
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红圈处输⼊问题提问
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课程目录
W3 Recognition 确认
1. Relevance & Reliability 之间的 Trade-off
2. AASB 15 Contracts 合同收入确认[资产, 负债&收入]
3. AASB 137 Provisions
4. 无形资产确认 Intangibles【资产】
5. Recognition 与 Disclosure 的区别【报表内的数字与年报披露的其他内容】
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W3 Recognition 确认
1. Relevance & Reliability 之间的 Trade-off
a) Relevance[相关性]: Everything that concerns the firm’s ability to generate value to stakeholders.
关键词:针对 entity's future economy benefit --Investor 更关注(为了更好的针对公司进行估值,进而做出投资
决策)
b) Reliability [可靠性,可理解为 Faithful representation]: Degree to which an asset and related cash flows can be
measured and presented in an unbiased manner.
关键词:信息的准确(precisely & free from bias)-- Shareholder 更关注(为了更好的监督管理层)
2. Recognition decision 需要考虑的点
a) 费用的确认方式 - expense 当期费用抵减 vs.. capitalize and amortize 计入资产逐年折旧/摊销
b) 确认收入的时间 - early at contract origination 交易发生时 vs. late at payment 用户付款时
c) 类型 - Operating expenses 记为费用,当期抵减 vs. assets 确认为资产,计入资产负债表
3. Financial reporting 财务报表有信息含量
➢ Information asymmetry 信息不对称 [Adverse selection 为主]:管理层可能知道一些消息,而投资者并不知晓,
进而管理层通过这些内部信息进行 inside trading
会计信息:
• Financial reporting – 向外界传达关于公司经营能力现在和未来的信息
• Regulating – 通过规范“什么可以被确认在报表中“,以减少管理层投机行为 managerial opportunism
例子 1: 当公司将一笔花销确认为 asset 时(例如公司建造办公大楼,会将其确认为在用资产 PPE),我们可以因
此得知公司认为这笔花销未来会给公司带来 future cash flows
例子 2: 当公司确认收入后,我们知道关于这笔交易的 payment 是 sufficiently certain 会收到
BUT 内部信息 Private information 很难证实,从而带来管理层投机行为的可能
➢ Myopic incentives of managers 经理的短视行为
例子 1:compensation 薪酬 – 薪酬契约经常基于短期目标(每财年的 incomes & revenue)
例子 2:career concerns 经理人自身职业发展的考虑 – 通常经理人的任期是五年,因为他们无法顾及到公司长
期的发展
解决方法:给经理人股票,让他们成为股东
BUT 没有人能约束经理人长期持有股票,他们可能会拿到股票之后卖掉股票换取现金
结论 – 经理人有动机只去提升公司短期 short term 的利润 net income 和股价 share price
如果没有 high-quality accounting standards 高质量的会计准则和 corresponding enforcement 相关的执法监督
公司可能有以下行为,最终会使得会计信息没有信息含量:
• recognize revenues that are not there/do not belong in this period 确认不存在的收入,或超前确认非当期收入.
• recognize any operating expense as an asset to reduce expenses.为了减少 income statement 上的费用的金额,
在 revenue 不变的情况下通过账面调整增加 income,将费用确认成资产并入 balance sheet
• omit liabilities to reduce the perceived obligations (and thus future expenses) 不去确认负债,以减少账面上的债
务和未来的费用支出
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4. Definition of Asset, Liability, Revenue
Framework Example
Asset 定义:A present economic resource controlled by the entity as a result of
past events.
确认条件:
An asset should be recognised in the statement of financial position when
and only when:
(a) it is probable that the future economic benefits embodied in
the asset will eventuate; and
(b) the asset possesses a cost or other value that can be measured reliably.
AASB 16 Lease:
Right of use asset
AASB 138 Intangible
assets
AASB 15 Contracts
Liability A present obligation of the entity to transfer an economic resource as a
result of past events.
For a liability to exist, three criteria must all be satisfied:
(a) The entity has an obligation
(b) The obligation is to transfer an economic resource
(c) The obligation is present obligation that exists as a result of past events.
AASB 137 Provision
5. AASB 15 Contracts 合同收入确认[资产, 负债&收入]
1. Revenues from Contracts with Customers 基本确认步骤
2. Contract 成立的条件:
• it is probable that the entity will collect consideration to which it will be entitled in exchange for the goods or
services that will be transferred to the customer. …… 在客人收到 good & services 之后,会从客人那里收到款项
• Para (31) An entity shall recognize revenue when the entity satisfies a performance obligation by transferring a
promised good or service (i.e. an asset) to a customer. An asset is transferred when the customer obtains control
of that asset.
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3. What is the performance obligation in Step 2?
Performance obligation is satisfied when (or as) the entity transfers a promised good or service(i.e.an asset)to the
customer
• A good or service is transferred when the customer obtains control of that asset 控制权的转移
• Recognize revenue at point in time when control passes 控制权转移后,确认收入
• If control passes over a period of time, then recognize revenue according to progress of completion
o % of completion if construction
o % of time elapsed if a service contract
o % of items delivered if nominated quantity of G or S
4. How to allocate the transaction price?时间确认:【一次性 or Over time】
6. AASB 137 Provisions
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a) 关键点:区分 Recognition & Disclosure:
b) 两个维度:1. Obligation: Probable & Possible; 2. Outflows of resources: Probably, probably not & remote
c) 处理方式:Recognition + Disclosure; No recognition + Disclosure; Not recognition + No Disclosure
Recognition Criteria in Accounting Standards
Recognition VS Disclosure
d) Recognition:
Probable – 没有明确的定义,在不同语境下有不同的具体计量含义,但是可以大概理解为 More likely than not
[日常理解按照“大于 50%”即可]
Reliability - The amount (cost/value) of item
e) Example: Contract 确认
Probable v.s. possible[两者不同,报表的披露方法也不同]
Performance obligation - transfers a promised good/service(顾客取得 control) - control pass 时确认收入[可分
为 Point of time / Over a period of time]
[之需要关注的是 Provision 部分中,Contingent asset/liability 是 Possible 而非 Probable,因此或有资产仅是在
Notes 披露,而非在报表中确认]
7. 无形资产确认 Intangibles【资产】
1.
关键词:Probable / Reliable measurement
2. 准则规定不可被确认的无形资产:Internally 为主(例外:在 business combination 时,可以使用 Fair Value 公允
价值确认):
– internally generated goodwill
– internally generated brands
– internally generated mastheads
– Internally generated publishing titles
– Internally generated customer lists

3. 被费用化的重要的无形资产:
– Internally generated brand/customer awareness: Marketing expense
– R&D: R&D expense (exception: development costs of commercially viable products)
4. 行业影响
受影响较大: high tech, pharmaceuticals 有很多自主研发技术&专利许可,因此很大部分的无形资产无法被确认
受影响较小: financial institutions 多为金融资产,用 market value 定价的较多,大部分财产都可以被确认计量
5. 造成后果:
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• Net assets are understated.
• Upward or downward bias in net income
• Upward or downward bias in ROE
Bias in Net Income
One-off
Increasing Investment
Stable Investment
Declining Investment
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6. 不确认 Internal intangibles 的弊端:
- Inconsistency - 同一个无形资产自己研发不可确认,但是从外面买可以确认,造成 Profit & Loss 出现问题 [Non-
comparability of reported P&L and BS]
- 学术研究:对比澳洲采用 IFRS 之前(允许确认 Internal intangible assets)与采用 IFRS 之后(不允许确认 internal
intangible assets),研究人员发现,与无形资产相关的 useful information 减少了。
- Measurement [Income/ROE] - 因为研发专利不可确认+要花钱,造成了 earning 的 mismatch,管理层干脆不投
资研发专利
- Comparability 不同商业运行模式 business models 面临的 asset nonrecognition issues 不同,使得 price-to-book
非常不同
• Very exposed: firms heavily relying on human capital and asset synergies (e.g., tech firms) – 无法计量
• Relatively less exposed -拥有很多金融资产的金融机构 – 资产价值可以被估计&确认 estimated and
recognized
- 宏观经济后果[Adverse selection] - 管理层掌握而投资者并不知晓的信息,因为无法披露 internally 无形资产而
变得更多了,造成资源的 Misallocation.
- Accountability [Stewardship] - 无法正确反映公司价值,无法满足决策有用观,对股东无法负责
- Managerial Incentives 管理层 Earnings Management 盈余管理:
• 砍去研发费用 - Problematic in the long run: less R&D=less innovation=less viable products to be sold=lower
future cash flows
• 对研发过度投资 invest too much – Problematic in the long run: overspending in less-than- promising
R&D=waste of capital=lower return on investment
- 【补充】不确认 Internally 无形资产的优点:
a) Conservatism - 对公司价值的确认更谨慎,更保守,满足 Reliability,限制管理层的投机行为 [降低Lender
的风险,依据谨慎的报表,公司的财务实力更加雄厚(记低不记高),借给公司的钱更有可能得到偿还]

7. Solutions 解决方法:
• Recognize and measure intangibles based on their entry cost 按照成本确认计量
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• Increase disclosure about details of distinct (and material) intangibles 增加披露
• Leave valuation to investors 让投资者自行进行估值

8. Recognition 与 Disclosure 的区别?【报表内的数字与年报披露的其他内容】
取决于市场有效性 Market Efficiency
➢ Strong market [fully efficient + all information disclosure 投资者依靠所有信息做决策] - Re = Dis 二者没有区别
➢ Semi-strong[all public information disclosure 投资者依据所有公开信息做决策 - 存在 private information]
- Re 优于 Dis,二者有区别:
➢ 投资者对 note disclosure 和 income statement recognition 的反应不同,后者更好理解
➢ Recognition generates more information 确认提供更多的信息 - 公司被要求在 recognition 部分得出准确
的数字,并且经过审计师的审计
➢ BUT note disclosure vs. balance sheet recognition of operating leases 改变了公司决策 (less leasing, more
capital expenditure)
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补充:
8. Certainty & Uncertainty
Ideal condition 分为 certainty & uncertainty 两种情况
已知:每个时期的 net cash inflow & interest rate (NCF 每个 period 会变化,但是 interest rate 通常在每个 t period
都是一样的)
a) Ideal & Certainty 确定环境:
• NO information asymmetry
• Balance sheet use present value 资产负债表使用未来收入的折现值
• Balance Sheet & Income Statement 没有信息含量- FCF 公开已知,折现率固定且公开已知,未来净收益公开已
知且可预测,不存在持续的 abnormal earning
• Dividend irrelevance 股利无关性[投资者自身投资组合的回报率与公司的报酬率相同,不受发放股利时间的影响]
• Relevance 与 Reliability 可以兼得:
Ideal & certainty 情况下,我们会提前确认未来的收入(i.e., 使用未来收入的折现值作为公司价值):
Relevance Reliability
Yes, as it concerns the firm’s ability to generate
income/dividends now and in the future
Yes, everything is known (we know how much we will get and
when)
b) Ideal & Uncertainty 不确定环境:有多个事项 (Events),Reliability 可以保证,每一事项都有自己的可能性,存
在 abnormal earning,但是并不持续,投资者可以在期末知晓可能性,从而自己估值
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• Discount rate 是给定且固定的
• 事项组合(number of events)以及各自概率(% of every event) 是完整且众所周知的
• 事项的实现是公开且可观察的 (但是在年初时,哪一个 event 在年末会实现是未知的)
• 在这种条件下,我们可以计算 Expected present value (将 events 根据可能性加权平均来计算 year end cash flow)
• Ideal & uncertainty 情况下,我们会提前确认未来的收入(i.e., 使用未来收入的折现值作为公司价值):
Relevance Reliability
Yes Yes , because the present values we obtain are free from
(intentional and unintentional) biases
c) Volatility & Reliability 之间的不同
• 波动性 Vol: 因为公司存在不同的 Events,且 Events 有不同的可能性,因而公司的价值具有波动性,期末才可以
证实 present value of net income and balance sheet
• 可靠 Reliability: 公司的信息准确无偏的反映
因此,在不确定环境下,公司做到 Reliability(faithful representation)如实表述,但是由于事项的不确定性存在,导致
了 Volatility,投资者依然要承担风险。
Tips:可以结合 auditing 审计来理解,operation risk 是公司自己的经营风险,这部分不受 auditor 的控制,因此 auditor
在考虑 audit risk 的时候需要将 operation risk 剥离开来。
d) Non-ideal condition:FCF 不确定:事件组合&各个事件的可能性,均依据主观的估计(Subjective)
• 市场不完全(Incomplete Market)- 不一定所有的资产与负债都有市值,该条件下,Relevance & Reliability 需
要 Trade off
• Non-Ideal 情况下,提前确认未来的收入: MAYBE YES, MAYBE NO
Relevance Reliability
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Yes MAYBE, MAYBE NOT
• 财务报表(特别是利润表)有信息含量 - 公司的价值需要主观判断,即 Market Value≠PV of FCF,投资者需要
通过报表了解收入以及未来的股利[股利无关性仅存在于 ideal condition,此时股利发放将影响投资决策]
• Income 具有 informative 信息含量,因为今天的财富的改变可以预测未来的 wealth,虽然在 Ideal condition,
Income Statement 没有信息含量,但是在 non-ideal condition 下 I/S 很重要,因为它关系到了 Income
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